1. Active learning, in which students write essays or perform experiments and then have their work evaluated by an instructor, is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn.

　　[參考譯文]  積極的學(xué)習(xí)，即學(xué)生們寫文章或做實驗，然后讓一位老師評估他們的作業(yè)，對那些還沒有完全學(xué)會如何學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生來說要更為有益得多。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]該句可分為兩大部分：Active learning, (in which students write essays or perform experiments and then have their work evaluated by an instructor,)is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn.括號外的內(nèi)容是主句，括號里的內(nèi)容是介詞+which模式的定語從句；主句的主語是Active learning，謂語是is，表語是beneficial，far more是狀語，其中far是程度副詞，相當(dāng)于much，for those是狀語，其后who引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，主語是who，謂體是have not yet fully learned，賓語結(jié)構(gòu)是how to learn。括號內(nèi)的定語從句修飾前面的Active learning，由三部分構(gòu)成，即or…and連接的三個并列句，第一個并列句的主語是students，謂語是write，賓語是essays，第二個并列句的謂語是perform，賓語是experiments，第三個并列句的謂語是have．．．evaluated，賓語是work，by an instructor是狀語結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　[知識鏈接]  active積極的；essay文章；perform an experiment做實驗；evaluate評估instructor指導(dǎo)者，老師；be beneficial for．．．對……有益。

　　2. The American version of the "ideal individual" prefers an atmosphere of freedom, where neither the government nor any other external force or agency dictates what the individual does.

　　[參考譯文]  美國版的“理想個人”更喜歡一種自由的氛圍，在這種氛圍中政府或者任何別的外部力量都不會強行規(guī)定個人該做什么。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]  該句可分為兩大部分：(The American version of the "ideal individual" prefers an atmosphere of freedom,)(where neither the government nor any other external force or agency dictates what the individual does.)，第一部分是主句，第二部分是以where引導(dǎo)的非限定定語從句，修飾前面的atmosphere；主句的主語是The American version，謂語是prefers，賓語是an atmosphere，of the“ideal individual”作version的后定語，of freedom作atmosphere的后定語；第二部分的主語是由neither．．．nor…or．．．連接的并列名詞短語，謂語是dictates，賓語是what引導(dǎo)的從句。

　　[知識鏈接]  version版本；ideal理想的；prefer更喜歡，聯(lián)想記憶：prefer．．．to．．．寧要……而不要……；atmosphere氛圍；external外部的，聯(lián)想記憶：internal內(nèi)部的；agency機構(gòu)；dictate命令，強制規(guī)定。

　　3. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entitles directed against each other, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entitles independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply.

　　[參考譯文]  沖突不同于競爭，前者指彼此對立的社會群體間的對抗，后者指獨自爭奪匱乏資源的社會群體間的對抗。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]  該句可分為三部分：Conflict, (defined as opposition among social entities directed against each other, )is distinguished from competition, (defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply.)，括號外的內(nèi)容Conflict．．．is distinguished from competition是主句，Conflict是主語，is是謂語，distinguished from competition是表語；兩個括號里的內(nèi)容均是過去分詞短語，分別作前面Conflict和competition的后置定語；第一個定語結(jié)構(gòu)中前省略了which is，謂語是be defined as，賓語是opposition，介詞短語among social entities作前面opposition的定語，directed against each other是過去分詞+介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)，作前面social entities的定語；第二個定語結(jié)構(gòu)的前半部分與第一個完全相同，striving for something是現(xiàn)在分詞短語，作social entities的定語，independently作strive for的狀語，比較后的which引導(dǎo)something的定語從句，in inadequate supply是is的表語結(jié)構(gòu)。這個句子翻譯時要先譯主句，然后再分別譯兩個后置定語結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　[知識鏈接]  conflict沖突；be defined as．．．被定義為……；opposition對立，對抗；

　　entities實體，群體；be directed against．．．與．．．．對立；be distinguished from．．．與．．．．不同；competition競爭；independently獨立地，獨自地；strive for．．．追求……；sth．is in supply供應(yīng)……；inadequate不充足的，匱乏的，聯(lián)想記憶：adequate充足的，充分的。

　　4. The resulting situation--in which most people would not be working in their jobs for more  than two or three short days a week--could hardly continue to be one in which employment was  still regarded as the only truly valid form of work.

　　[參考譯文]  比較終的情形將是：大多數(shù)人在其崗位上的工作時間一周內(nèi)不會超過短短的兩三天，這將使得就業(yè)不再被視作唯一真正有效的工作方式。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]  該句可分為三大部分：The resulting situation-- ( in which most people would not be working in their jobs for more than two or three short days a week)—could hardly continue to be one (in which employment was still regarded as the only truly valid form of work.)；括號外的內(nèi)容是主句，即The resulting situation...could hardly continue to be one，其中的one指代前面的situation；兩個括號里的內(nèi)容均是定語從句；第一個定語從句屬于介詞in+關(guān)系代詞which的模式，其中which指代前面的situation，該從句的主語是employment，謂語是was regarded as，賓語是the．．．form of work；第二個括號里的定語從句與第一個定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)相同，修飾前面的one，該從句的主語是most people，謂語是would not be working，in their jobs作地點狀語，for more than two or three short days a week作時間狀語。翻譯時要將主句的否定詞hardly后移至was和regarded as之間，才會順暢自如。

　　[知識鏈接]  resulting比較終的；employment就業(yè)，聯(lián)想記憶：unemployment失業(yè)；be regarded as．．．被認(rèn)為是……；valid有效的，聯(lián)想記憶：invalid無效的；form of work工作方式。

　　5. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.

　　[參考譯文]  隨著戰(zhàn)后生育高峰期出生的孩子長大成人，以及婦女進(jìn)入男性主宰的就業(yè)市場，限制了青少年的發(fā)展機遇。這些青少年已經(jīng)開始質(zhì)疑是否值得做出巨大的個人犧牲去攀登日本等級森嚴(yán)的社會階梯以進(jìn)入好學(xué)校，找到好工作。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]  該句可拆分為兩大部分：(The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers) (who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs)，第一部分是主句，第二部分是who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾前面的teenagers；主句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The coming Of age and an entry…h(huán)ave limited the opportunities of teenagers，介詞短語of the postwar baby boom和into the male-dominated job market分別作The coming of age和an entry的定語；who定語從句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices，過去分詞involved作sacrifices的后置定語，介詞短語in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder作時間狀語，to good schools and jobs也是介詞短語，作前面ladder的后置定語。

　　[知識鏈接]  coming of age長大成人；postwar戰(zhàn)后的，聯(lián)想記憶：prewar戰(zhàn)前的；baby boom生育高峰期(指二戰(zhàn)后美國出現(xiàn)的1947—1961年嬰兒出生高峰期)；male-dominated男性主宰的；job market就業(yè)市場；teenagers青少年；personal sacrifice個人犧牲；rigid嚴(yán)格的，森嚴(yán)的。

　　6. The situation may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the "least-developed country" status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products.

　　[參考譯文]  這種狀況將會在2008年徹底改變，屆時肯尼亞的經(jīng)濟狀況將稍有改善，不再具有“比較不發(fā)達(dá)國家”的地位，該地位允許非洲制造商不必支付歐洲對指定農(nóng)產(chǎn)品所征收的過高的進(jìn)口關(guān)稅。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]  該句可拆分為三大部分：(The situation may all change in 2008,) (when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the "least-developed country" status)(that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. )，第一部分是主句，結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單，第二部分是when引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾前面的2008，第三部分是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾前面的status；when定語從句的主語是Kenya，謂語是will be，表語是slightly rich，too與后面的to qualify for．．．構(gòu)成固定結(jié)構(gòu)，意為：太……而不……；that定語從句的主語是that，謂語是allows，賓語是African producers，不定式to avoid．．．作賓語補足語，動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)paying stiff European import duties作avoid的賓語，介詞短語on selected agricultural products作前面import duties的后置定語。

　　[知識鏈接]  Kenya肯尼亞(非洲)；qualify for…夠資格做……；the“l(fā)east-developed country”比較不發(fā)達(dá)國家；status地位，身份；stiff嚴(yán)厲的，過高的；import duty進(jìn)口稅；selected指定的；agricultural product農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。