考研英語(yǔ)閱讀四大命題原則

　　命題專家在設(shè)計(jì)閱讀題目時(shí)，總是會(huì)使盡渾身解數(shù)以各種方式迷惑考生，為他們選擇正確的答案設(shè)置各種障礙。以下四大原則就是考研命題專家們比較常用的一些方式和原則：

　　語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化：“語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化”是命題專家使用語(yǔ)言時(shí)所必須遵守的一條重要原則。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，一道題的四個(gè)答案不僅長(zhǎng)度差不多，語(yǔ)言的用詞水平和語(yǔ)法難度也都差不多。此外，答案的文字難度一般低于文章本身，這也是對(duì)考生非常有利的一點(diǎn)，有時(shí)候甚至還可以通過(guò)答案來(lái)幫助理解原文。由于這是一個(gè)普遍的原則，在這里我們就不具體地舉例子。

　　關(guān)鍵詞替換：關(guān)鍵詞替換是閱讀理解題目中出現(xiàn)比較頻繁的命題原則，一般都會(huì)在正確答案中用原文某個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞的同義詞或者近義詞進(jìn)行替代�；蛘邚母鼜V的意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，有時(shí)候命題者會(huì)以和原文意思相同但是遣詞造句不同的方式來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)正確答案，即用不同的話把原文的某個(gè)句子復(fù)述一遍，而錯(cuò)誤答案反而往往會(huì)看上去和原文差不多，這個(gè)時(shí)候考生需要仔細(xì)閱讀加以區(qū)別。

　　例題：This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, receives a new form of expression. Futurists claim that we must.

　　[A]increase the production of literature

　　[B]use poetry to relieve modern stress

　　[C]develop new modes of expression

　　[D]avoid using adjectives and verbs[2000年第61題]

　　[正確答案]C

　　正話反說(shuō)：即選項(xiàng)用否定的方式（如雙重否定句，或者一個(gè)否定形式加上另一個(gè)否定詞如never，none等）來(lái)表述文中用肯定方式所表述的內(nèi)容，兩者的意思是相同的。

　　例題：How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don't have unpredictable things, you don't have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.

　　The author asserts that scientists

　　[A]shouldn't replace scientific method with imaginative thought

　　[B]shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things

　　[C]should write more concise reports for technical journals

　　[D]should be confident about their research findings[1999年第68題]

　　[正確答案]B

　　反話正說(shuō)：顧名思義，即文中用否定方式所來(lái)表述一定的內(nèi)容，而選項(xiàng)中用肯定的方式把同樣的意思再表達(dá)一遍。

　　例題：Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle.

　　The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.

　　[A]turning of the business cycle

　　[B]restructuring of industry

　　[C]improved business management

　　[D]success in education[2000年第54題]

　　[正確答案]A