小學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法匯總

　　一　定義：

　　不及物動(dòng)詞

　　英語(yǔ)中按動(dòng)詞后可否直接跟賓語(yǔ)，可把動(dòng)詞分成不及物動(dòng)詞與和及物動(dòng)詞。

　　不及物動(dòng)詞：字典里詞后標(biāo)有vi. 的就是不及物動(dòng)詞。不及物動(dòng)詞后不能直接跟有動(dòng)作的對(duì)象(即賓語(yǔ))。若要跟賓語(yǔ)，必須先在其后添加上某個(gè)介詞，如to,of ,at后方可跟上賓語(yǔ)。具體每個(gè)動(dòng)詞后究竟加什么介詞就得聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)了，如listen to,look at….

　　如：look 看 (vi.) x賓語(yǔ)(即不能直接加賓語(yǔ)). Look! She is singing.

　　Look carefully! (注意：carefully 是副詞，不是名詞，故不作賓語(yǔ))

　　look at 看…….+賓語(yǔ) Look at me carefully! (me是代詞，作賓語(yǔ))

　　at是小范圍 in是大范圍

　　如：

　　The students work very hard.學(xué)生們學(xué)習(xí)很努力。

　　She apologized to me again. 她再次向我道歉。

　　The accident happened yesterday evening.事故是昨天晚上發(fā)生的。

　　分清及物不及物動(dòng)詞:

　　分清動(dòng)詞的及物不及物是在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中必須解決的首要問(wèn)題。動(dòng)詞及物與不及物通常有以下幾種情況：

　　a.主要用作及物動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)�？梢杂糜冢�"主+謂+賓";"主+謂+雙賓";"主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)"結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

　　He reached Paris the day before yesterday.

　　Please hand me the book over there.

　　They asked me to go fishing with them.

　　類(lèi)似的還有：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell....

　　b.主要用作不及物的動(dòng)詞。不及物動(dòng)詞后面不跟賓語(yǔ)。只能用與："主+謂"結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　This is the room where I once lived.

　　類(lèi)似的還有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed....

　　c.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動(dòng)詞，其意義不變。如begin 都是作"開(kāi)始"講。everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game. 類(lèi)似的還有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve....

　　d.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動(dòng)詞，其意義完全不同。

　　這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞作不及物動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)意義;而作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)卻是另一個(gè)意義。如lift作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)是指煙霧的"消散"。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)是"升高;舉起"。

　　He lifted his glass and drank.

　　類(lèi)似的還有：beat　vi.跳動(dòng) vt. 敲、打;　grow vi.生長(zhǎng) vt.　種植

　　play vi.玩耍 vt. 打(牌、球),演奏 smell vi.發(fā)出(氣味) vt. 嗅

　　ring　vi.(電話(huà)、鈴)響vt.打電話(huà)　speak vi.講話(huà)　vt. 說(shuō)(語(yǔ)言)

　　hang　vi. 懸掛 vt.　絞死　operate vi.動(dòng)手術(shù)　vt. 操作

　　需要注意的一點(diǎn)是：少數(shù)不及物動(dòng)詞唯一可跟的賓語(yǔ)是同源賓語(yǔ)，如：I dreamed a dream last night.

　　及物動(dòng)詞

　　英語(yǔ)中按動(dòng)詞后可否直接跟賓語(yǔ)，可把動(dòng)詞分成及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞。

　　及物動(dòng)詞： 字典里詞后標(biāo)有vt. 的就是及物動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后必須跟有動(dòng)作的對(duì)象(即賓語(yǔ))，并且可直接跟賓語(yǔ)。

　　如see 看見(jiàn) (vt.) +賓語(yǔ) I can see a boy.

　　其實(shí)所謂“及物”，就是后面可直接加賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，有被動(dòng)形式，而不及物動(dòng)詞是沒(méi)有被動(dòng)式的，也不可直接加賓語(yǔ)，需加上介詞。

　　及物動(dòng)詞后面可直接接賓語(yǔ)，不及物動(dòng)詞后面不可直接接賓語(yǔ)，一般要加介詞后再接賓語(yǔ)。實(shí)際上很多動(dòng)詞既是及物動(dòng)詞，又是不及物動(dòng)詞。我舉一個(gè)例子，就說(shuō)write。如I am writing.和I am writing a letter.在前一個(gè)句子write是不及物動(dòng)詞，在后一個(gè)句子write是及物動(dòng)詞。又如，see是及物動(dòng)詞，但在特殊情況下如seeing is believing。

　　不及物動(dòng)詞就是一個(gè)動(dòng)作不能施加到另一個(gè)物體上，也就是后面不能加賓語(yǔ)。

　　例如：He is running. run這個(gè)動(dòng)詞就是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面不能加sth。(不能說(shuō)跑什么東西)

　　分清及物不及物動(dòng)詞:

　　分清動(dòng)詞的及物不及物是在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中必須解決的首要問(wèn)題。動(dòng)詞及物與不及物通常有以下幾種情況：

　　a.主要用作及物動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)�？梢杂糜冢�"主+謂+賓";"主+謂+雙賓";"主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)"結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

　　He reached Paris the day before yesterday.

　　Please hand me the book over there.

　　They asked me to go fishing with them.

　　類(lèi)似的還有：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell....

　　b.主要用作不及物的動(dòng)詞。不及物動(dòng)詞后面不跟賓語(yǔ)。只能用于："主+謂"結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　This is the room where I once lived.

　　類(lèi)似的還有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed....

　　c.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動(dòng)詞，其意義不變。如begin 都是作"開(kāi)始"講。everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game. 類(lèi)似的還有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve....

　　d.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動(dòng)詞，其意義完全不同。

　　這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞作不及物動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)意義;而作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)卻是另一個(gè)意義。如lift作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)是指煙霧的"消散"。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)是"升高;舉起"。

　　He lifted his glass and drank.

　　類(lèi)似的還有：beat　vi.跳動(dòng) vt. 敲、打;　grow vi.生長(zhǎng) vt.　種植

　　play vi.玩耍 vt. 打(牌、球),演奏 smell vi.發(fā)出(氣味) vt. 嗅

　　ring　vi.(電話(huà)、鈴)響vt.打電話(huà)　speak vi.講話(huà)　vt. 說(shuō)(語(yǔ)言)

　　hang　vi. 懸掛 vt.　絞死　operate vi.動(dòng)手術(shù)　vt. 操作

　　在英語(yǔ)錯(cuò)誤中，“及物動(dòng)詞+介詞+賓語(yǔ)”(transitive verb+preposition+object)，是常見(jiàn)的一種。所謂及物動(dòng)詞，就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(predicative verb)，不必通過(guò)介詞引薦賓語(yǔ)。相反的，不及物動(dòng)詞(intransitive verb)是不帶賓語(yǔ)的。有許多動(dòng)詞，雖然性質(zhì)是及物的，但不一定要有賓語(yǔ)，如下列的①a和②a便是這種情形：

　�、賏. We study every day.

　　b. Do you study English every day.

　�、赼. Please write clearly next time.

　　b. Can you write your composition now?

　　如果本質(zhì)上就是不及物動(dòng)詞，就不會(huì)有賓語(yǔ);若要賓語(yǔ)，就要借介詞之助，一起連用才行(不及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+介詞)，如③b和④b;③a和④a是錯(cuò)的;

　　*③a. The children are listening the music.

　　b. The children are listening to the music.

　　*④a. She is laughing the crippled man.

　　b. She is laughing at the crippled man.

　　反之，及物動(dòng)詞不必靠介詞，就可以帶賓語(yǔ)，如上述的①b和②b ，又如⑤和�、蓿�

　　⑤ John is giving a book to me.

　�、� Who will answer this question?

　　如果無(wú)意中把介詞加上，就錯(cuò)了，如：

　　*⑦ Who will answer to this question?

　　下列這句從房地產(chǎn)廣告中看到的句子，也犯了同樣的錯(cuò)：

　　“We have many buyers awaiting for available units here.”

　　“Awaiting”是個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，后面的介詞“for”是多余的，要去掉;不然把“awaiting”改為“waiting for”也行。

　　許多人習(xí)慣上喜歡把介詞加到及物動(dòng)詞后面，然后才帶出賓語(yǔ)。最常見(jiàn)的是“emphasize/stress on/upon”和“discuss about”，如：

　�、� Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains.

　　⑨ In our education system, we stress upon examination results.

　�、� World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems.

　　顯然的，這三句里的介詞“on/upon”和“about”是多余的，不必要的。

　　下面是些類(lèi)似的錯(cuò)誤：

　　● The young must obey to their elders.

　　● Do not approach to that odd-looking man.

　　● The audience attacked on the rude speaker.

　　● Nothing can escape from his parents' eyes.

　　● Do you hope to serve for your nation?

　　● When did Susan marry with Paul?

　　介詞“to, on, from, for, with”都要去掉才對(duì)。

　　為什么會(huì)有這些錯(cuò)誤呢?主因是分不清楚及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)。其次，就是對(duì)同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞及其名詞的句型有些混淆。解決之道有二。第一，要把“及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)”和“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞+賓語(yǔ)”劃分清楚，如：

　　? I did not answer him./ I did not reply to him.

　　? He reached Londan yesterday./ He arrived in London yesterday.

　　第二，把及物動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，然后加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和賓語(yǔ)，如：

　　? Don't approach such a person.

　　? Is oral practice a good approach to language teaching?

　　A 有些動(dòng)詞只是及物動(dòng)詞; 它們不可以單獨(dú)用，后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)。

　　{ False: They always want after lunch.

　　Right: They always want a cup of tea after lunch.

　　{ False: He is sending now.

　　Right: He is sending a letter now.

　　B 有些動(dòng)詞只是不及物動(dòng)詞;它們可以單獨(dú)用，如果后面想接賓語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞后面必須加上介詞。

　　{ Right: He is looking around.

　　False: He is looking me.

　　Right: He is looking at me.

　　{ Right: He is listening carefully.

　　False: He is listening the teacher carefully.

　　Right: He is listening to the teacher carefully.

　　C 有些動(dòng)詞既是及物動(dòng)詞，又是不及物動(dòng)詞; 但是有時(shí)候詞義會(huì)改變。

　　{ The customer is asking loudly.

　　The customer is asking for you now.

　　The customer is asking a question now.

　　{ If you work hard, you will succeed.

　　If you work hard, you will succeed in passing the exam (same meaning).

　　If you work hard, you will succeed John as the manager of this company (different meaning).