考研英語長難句的特點分析:
(一)成分超長
和托福、雅思等國外流行的考試一樣,現(xiàn)在的考研英語也表現(xiàn)出一種成分越來越長的趨勢,而考生在練習(xí)閱讀的過程中要盡可能適應(yīng)這樣一種出題方式,比如充當(dāng)主語的可以有:名詞,非謂語動詞,從句等。下面舉兩個例子進(jìn)行說明:
例:Creating a "European identity" that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.
分析:這句話的復(fù)雜之處在于句子的主語是一個動名詞短語結(jié)構(gòu),主語從Creating…到Old Continent, 而且在主語中還有兩個定語從句,一個是由that 引導(dǎo)的,另一個是由which來引導(dǎo)。此句話的特點是主語和謂語結(jié)構(gòu)極其不協(xié)調(diào),主語超長,但是謂語越短。因此,理解這句話的關(guān)鍵是要首先能夠從句中提取出主語,并且正確理解兩個定語從句,然后才能順利完成整個句子的閱讀。
譯文:不同文化和不同的傳統(tǒng)把歐洲大陸編織在一起,要創(chuàng)造出一種尊重這些文化和傳統(tǒng)的歐洲品牌(歐洲所獨有的東西)絕非易事,需要人們做出戰(zhàn)略性選擇。
類似的結(jié)構(gòu)如With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. 意為"盡管網(wǎng)上有成千上萬個與職業(yè)相關(guān)的網(wǎng)站,但是想找到有前景的職位空缺卻是耗時而又沒有效率的"。
除了超長的動名詞短語外,考研中還時有出現(xiàn)主語從句來充當(dāng)主語。主語從句充當(dāng)主語的情況在考研中有兩種:一種是把從句放在句首,還有一種是把從句放在句尾,句首用it做形式主語。
比如,
However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is as yet, an unanswered question.
分析:這句話主語是由兩個whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句構(gòu)成的,并且在第二個主語從句中還有一個由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句。
譯文:然而,這種公平感是卷尾猴和人類分別進(jìn)化的結(jié)果,還是源自3500萬年前這一物種共同的祖先,還是一個沒有結(jié)論的問題。
再如,
Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
分析:這句話中就是非常典型的it做形式主語,真正的主語是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個主語從句。
譯文:再者,顯而易見的是一個國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān),而效率提高則又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。
(二)語序顛倒
這里的語序顛倒在考研中最明顯的一種情況就是賓語后置情況,而且往往會考試中造成很大的障礙,那么什么叫做賓語后置呢?
這里先舉一個簡單的例子,比如很多男同學(xué)在交女朋友的時候心里往往會許下承諾:I will make you happy. 這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)很簡單:主+謂+賓+賓補,可是在考研當(dāng)中往往會因為賓語較長而把賓語放到補足語的后面,比如:
Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture", like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
分析:這句話中which引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾concept, makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding直譯過來就是"創(chuàng)造出可能的大量的具體研究及理解",可其實這句話中的possible是賓語補足語,它真正的結(jié)構(gòu)是makes immense amounts of concrete research and understanding possible,即:"使大量的具體研究和認(rèn)識成為可能"。
這里給大家舉出另外一句話供同學(xué)們思考:
Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the "social, legal, and economic subordination" of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of "the whole female sex into public industry".
(三)省略
考研中有時需要考慮到篇幅的問題,所以會對原文進(jìn)行刪節(jié),而且作者在行文過程中本著語言簡明扼要的要求,所以如果在句子中出現(xiàn)與前面或后面重復(fù)的成分,文章中基本上會把能省略掉的東西全部省略掉。對付這類情況的辦法就是能夠在短時間內(nèi)恢復(fù)句子的原貌。
例:
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. America's life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.
分析:這里有兩處省略,一是省略death is,二是can be…;這里的省略都是因為上文提到相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容,因此下文就將相同的內(nèi)容省略。如果補全的話,全句應(yīng)為:It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada death is inevitable and in California death is optional. Small wonder. America's life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression can be controlled, cataracts can be removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.
譯文:據(jù)說,在英國死亡是迫在眉睫的,在加拿大死亡是不可避免的,在加州是可以選擇的,這種說法并不奇怪。在過去一個世紀(jì)里,美國人的壽命幾乎增長了一倍。髖骨壞了可以更換,臨床憂郁癥得到了控制,白內(nèi)障通過三十分鐘的手術(shù)例可以切除。
當(dāng)然,想在考研基礎(chǔ)階段突破長難句,就要多加練習(xí),并且熟悉各種長句的結(jié)構(gòu),才能達(dá)到得心應(yīng)手的程度。
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04
2015.06
考研階段的英語翻譯常以長句子為主,不僅詞匯量大,而且語法結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,難度上升了不止一個檔次,令......