31. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating　the details of human behavior but one　of imposing constraints—ways of　feeling, thinking, and acting that　　"come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture.
這些人類學家所歸諸于生物進化的作用，不是規(guī)定人類行為的種種細節(jié)，而是將各種限制強加于人類——即在任何文化的典型情景中都會“自然表露”的情感、思維、以及行動方式。
  32. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?
以下哪一個選項比較有可能為文章中所談到的與人類行為有關的“人類行為細節(jié)”相對“人類所受限制”之間的差異，從人類形態(tài)的角度上提供了一個合適的類比？
  33. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of　individual zooplankton species in the　laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions　using the known population density　of grazers.
由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所進行的研究，對自然條件下的群落捕食速率進行了估計，其手段是通過測量出實驗室內單獨的浮游動物種類的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草動物種群密度，計算出實地狀況下的群落捕食速率。
  34. In the periods　of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer，　　Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor　lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.
在浮游動物數(shù)量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼記錄了比較大程度上的每日群落食草比率，對于營養(yǎng)物不充足的湖和沼澤湖而言，分別為每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.
  35. The hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.
水文循環(huán)（hydrologic cycle），作為該學科中的一個主要課題，指的是水所經過的諸現(xiàn)象的整個循環(huán)過程，開始時是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經過液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著地層表面分布或進入地層表面，比較終通過蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。
  36. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing　steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the　　closing of the internal frontier——that is, the depletion of available new land　needed for further expansion of the American farming system.
史學家弗雷德里克.杰.特納（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世紀九十年代著述道，美國約自18世紀70年代以來一直在持續(xù)不斷發(fā)展的農民不滿，由于國內邊遠地區(qū)（internal frontier）的封閉而更趨加劇——亦即是說，美國農業(yè)系統(tǒng)進一步擴展所必需的可資利用的新土地幾近耗竭。
  37. In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers, to　　investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political　and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local　magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.
難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語
譯文：二十世紀五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時代歐洲（此處我們可將其界定為約自1300年至1800年這一時期的歐洲）的史學家，首次以眾多的人數(shù)（楊鵬的書中：第一次以大量的數(shù)據(jù)），開始調查前工業(yè)化時代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù)，而非那些構成了政治與社會精英階層的百分之二或三的人口，即國王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、以及地方上的達官顯貴，而正是這部分人一直到那時為止普遍充斥于史學著作。
  38. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.
即使是這樣的要求，即從這些材料中加工出來的生物材料應該對受移植者的組織無害，也能夠通過從研究組織培養(yǎng)對生物材料的反應而來的，或從研究短期移植而來的技術來滿足。
  39. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and　　nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.
但是，要想沿著原生和非原生物質之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某種知識，即什幺樣的分子控制著細胞彼此間的結合——而對這一領域，我們尚未進行充分的探索。
  40. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding, of course, a　considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to　appreciate adequately the full range of　possible legal phenomena.
伊斯蘭法是一種如此不同于所有其它法律形式的現(xiàn)象——毋庸置疑，盡管就其主要內容和有積極意義的法規(guī)而言，與其它法律形式中的這種或那種形式存在著相當數(shù)量的且不可避免的巧合相似之處——以致于對它進行研究便顯得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律現(xiàn)象的全部范圍。
  41. （Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.） Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
盡管從歷史角度來看，在古代以色列作為獨立主權國家的猶太教法與大流散時期（Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代猶太人被巴比倫人逐出故土）的猶太教法之間存在著一個明晰可辨的斷裂，然則，《舊約全書》（Old Testament）后半部分中法律內容的精神與《猶太教法典》（Talmud）極為一脈相承，而所謂的《猶太教法典》，是指大流散時期猶太教法的主要典籍輯錄之一。
  42. Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination,　from a religious angle, (examination) of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic　Arabia and numerous legal elements　taken over from the non-Arab peoples　of the conquered territories. (as it did )實際上是一句插入語。
另一方面，伊斯蘭教則代表著與此前存在的阿拉伯異教（Arab paganism）的一種根本上的決裂；伊斯蘭法是從宗教的角度，對各種雜亂無章、絕無共同點的法律內容進行考察所致的結果，而這些法律內容實際上是由前伊斯蘭阿拉伯國家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不盡相同的組成部分以及由從被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鑒過來的無數(shù)法律因素所構成。
  43. One such novel idea is　that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution; specifically, the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, (there is ) the intensified research on legumes.
這其中的一個新穎思想就是，在植物的染色體（chromosome）內注入并非是該植物自然構造一個部分的那些不相關聯(lián)的因基：具體而言，這一思想是，在非豆科植物內注入這樣一些基因，倘若這些基因可被辨識出來并被分離開來，而這些基因業(yè)已使豆科植物宜于充當那些具備固氮作用的細菌的寄主。由此，對豆科植物的研究日趨深入。
  44. It is　one of nature’s great ironies that the　availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves　are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個莫大諷刺：土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對植物的生長構成了一個上限，雖然植物的葉子被沐浴在一片氮氣的海洋中。
  45. Unless they succeed，the　yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in　legumes that equip those plants to enter　into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers　are identified and isolated，and even if　the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible.
除非他們能取得成功，不然的話，綠色革命的產量收益將在很大程度上損失殆盡，即使豆科植物中使這些植物有條件進入到與固氮細菌共生關系的基因可被辨識出來和分離開來的話，且即使這些基因綜合體（gene complex），一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)之后，其移植得以成為可能的話。
  46. Its subject（to use Maynard Mack’s categories）is　"life-as-spectacle，" for readers，　　diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers　are asked to identify with the mind of　　Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. （5）
其主題〔若借鑒梅納德。邁克（Maynard Mack）的兩個分類范疇的話〕是“人生作為外部景象”，因為讀者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是從外部來觀察其主人公奧德修斯（Odyssus）的；然而，富于悲劇色彩的《伊利亞特》所表現(xiàn)的則是“人生作為內心體驗”：讀者被要求與阿基琉斯（Achilles）的心靈產生共鳴，而其行為動機卻致使他變作一個并非特別惹人喜愛的主人公。 （從分號后的語句推理出前面的意思）
注：hero:主人公；without:外部；likable:有吸引力的
  47. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source, most　geologists contend, is the upper mantle.
對于地幔分層論點來說，比較好的證據(jù)乃這樣一個確認的事實，即在那些海洋島嶼——這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來的地幔柱狀溶巖流（mantle plume）——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質根本不同的物質構成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質學家論辯道，為上部地幔。
  48. Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle　xenoliths， argue that the mantle is　not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward　liquid rather than solid state） percolating upward and transforming　portions of the upper mantle　irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.
但是，某些地質學家，以對地幔捕虜巖體（xenolith）所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質性是由那些富含“不兼容成分”的流質構成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴散，并依照這些流質流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
  49. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones.
科學家可以制造出特異的（specific）互補DNA’s（cDNA’s），以此作為分子探子（molecular probe），探覓出肽激素的信使RNA’s（mRNA’s）。
  50．The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can　take years of tedious purifications　　to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.
采用cDNA探子來測定肽激素的這一分子生物學方法同時也應該比免疫學的方法速度來得快，因為對于免疫的方法來說，需耗費好幾年枯燥的提純進程，方能將肽素分離了出來，然后再培養(yǎng)出針對它們的抗血清。