2017高考英語(yǔ)核心考點(diǎn)：名詞、介詞、主謂一致、代詞
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2017高考英語(yǔ)核心考點(diǎn)：名詞、介詞、主謂一致、代詞
名詞、主謂一致、介詞、代詞
名 詞
【要點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥】
一. 可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成規(guī)則:
1.規(guī)則變化:加-s, -es; 輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的去y加ies;把f/ fe變成ves;
(1)keys , three Henrys; stomachs; safes; beliefs; proofs; roofs; gulfs; chiefs; heroes; potatoes; tomatoes; Negroes; dingoes A
(2) 縮寫,數(shù)字,字母等在后面加s或’s都可,如: some VIPs (VIP’s); in his 50s / 50’s; in the 1990s / 1990’s; There are two t’s in the word “letter”.
2.不規(guī)則變化:
(1) men , children , feet, teeth, geese, mice; oxen等;
(2) 單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同:sheep; deer; fish; means; works(工廠); Chinese; Japanese; Swiss; (teas, fruits, fishes, metals等表示種類);
(3)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式:trousers, glasses(眼鏡);remains(遺體/物);clothes; ashes; contents(目錄); goods; customs(海關(guān)); arms(武器);
(4)復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式: shoe shops; lookers-on; grown-ups; passers-by; daughters-in-law
(5)表示某國(guó)人的復(fù)數(shù)形式:A:單復(fù)一樣:Chinese / Japanese) B: 把man變成men : Englishmen; Frenchmen; C:其它加s (包括Germans)
二、 不可數(shù)名詞
1.量的表示：用some / a little / much等表示數(shù)量的詞(組)及單位名詞(量詞)，用得較多的有piece, article, bottle, head, loaf, bar等：a piece of advice / bread / news / information / equipment / chalk / cloth / clothing / music / work / furniture / paper / wood / baggage; a loaf of bread; a bar of chocolate ; two head of cattle
2.不可數(shù)名詞具體化： These games are great successes; The party was a great success.
三、 名詞的所有格：
1.表示有生命的名詞后加’s, 如一樣?xùn)|西為幾人共有，則在最后一個(gè)名詞后加’s: Jack and Tom’s room(兩人共有的房間); Jack’s and Tom’s rooms(兩人各自的房間);表示無生命的名詞的所有格用of表示：the windows of the room;
(但表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城市、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等無生命的名詞后也可加’s: China’s industry; today’s paper; ten minutes’ walk)
2.表示“某人家里”“某店鋪”等的名詞所有格后省略所修飾的名詞：at my aunt’s (house); at the doctor’s (office); go to the chemist’s (shop);
3.雙重所有格：a / an / this / that / these / those / some / any / a few / no / every / several / such / another / which 等+名詞+of +…..’s / 名詞性物主代詞(表示“部分”的概念或表示某種感情色彩，如：贊賞、討厭等);
比較：
a friend of her mother’s她母親的一個(gè)朋友(強(qiáng)調(diào)她母親的朋友中的一位，為雙重所有格)
a friend of her mother她母親的朋友(強(qiáng)調(diào)兩人間的關(guān)系，為of所有格)
a picture of his brother’s(他弟弟的所擁有的照片中的一張，照片上不一定是他本人)
a picture of his brother(他弟弟本人的一張照片，照片上就是他本人)
四、 名詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞：前一個(gè)名詞表示后一個(gè)名詞的特點(diǎn)、性質(zhì)及用途;
(1)一般前面的名詞用單數(shù)形式，復(fù)數(shù)加在后面主體名詞上：shoe shop(s); story book(s); coffee cup(s); physics teacher(s); 個(gè)別名詞修飾另外一個(gè)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式：sales manager; sports meet; 由man / woman與另一個(gè)名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合名詞兩者都變復(fù)數(shù)：men/ women doctors;
(2)比較名詞作定語(yǔ)及形容詞作定語(yǔ)的不同意義：
a dust bag ( a bag for dust) 裝灰塵的袋子/ a dusty bag布滿灰塵的袋子 a chemical change化學(xué)變化(具有化學(xué)性質(zhì)的變化)/ a chemistry teacher( a teacher of chemistry)一個(gè)化學(xué)老師
a gold watch 一只金表(表材質(zhì))/ a golden watch一只金黃色的表
五.英語(yǔ)中”很多”的表達(dá):
只修飾可數(shù)名詞:quite a few / a great many (of) / many / a (large / small) number of
只修飾不可數(shù)名詞: a great deal of / a great amount of ( great amounts of)
既可修飾可數(shù)也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞:plenty of / a lot of ( lots of ) / a (large) quantity of / large quantities of
【各個(gè)擊破】
1.No regular advertiser dare produce anything that fails to stick to the _____of his advertisement.
A. standard B. level C. message D. promise
2.-----What do you think of his composition?
------Much better, but there’s still some ______for improvement.
A. space B. room C. area D. place
3. Sometimes doctors make higher ______ for their work than they should.
A. bills B. charges C. costs D. prices
4. The ______of a big snake made her frightened, so she sat there still.
A. sight B. look C. view D. scene
5.No ______ she fell ill, considering that she had been overworking for years.
A. problem B. way C. wonder D. matter
6. -----How is it that you lost your way?
------When I came to the crossroads, I went the wrong ________.
A. way B. direction C. distance D. path
7. Little Tom asked me for small _________ for his _________piece, so I gave him ________.
A. change; ten pennies; ten pence B. changes; ten pennies; ten pence
C. change; ten pence; ten pennies D. changes; ten pence; ten pennies
8. Will you please tell me _______you are talking about?
A. which Zhang Yimou’s film B. which film of Zhang Yimou
C. which film of Zhang Yimou’s D. zhang Yimou’s which film
9. The baby broke a _______which is made of _____just now.
A. tea cup; glass B. cup of tea; glass C. tea’s cup; glasses D. tea cup; glasses
10. Look, Mother has just bought three _______ and _______.
A. fruit; lots of vegetables B. fruits; a number of vegetables
C. fruit; a great many of the vegetables D. fruits; a great amount of vegetables
11. If you get the job you’ll have to make business ______every now and then.
A. journeys B. trips C. travels D. voyages
12. I listened to his lecture about biology , but I missed the key ______.
A. messages B. sense C. notes D. points
13. He is always full of ______as though he never knew tiredness.
A. strength B. force C. power D. energy
14.There has been a great _______ in the number of cars in our city in the past five years.
A. increase B. improvement C. result D. effect
15. I don’t think it’s my ______ that the TV doesn’t work. I just turned it off.
A. mistake B. fault C. duty D. error
16. ---- What’s the ______ of this pair of shoes?
---- 500 yuan.
---- Oh, it’s really too expensive.
---- But it’s comfortable, so I think it’s good _______ for money.
A. cost; value B. price; value C. price; cost D. cost; price
17. How did you like the ________of the interpreter(口譯員)at the conference on TV?
A. performance B. achievement C. material D. words
18.She is not in good _______for such heavy work.
A. state B. condition C. position D. situation
19.It’s bad _______ for a man to smoke in public places where smoking is not allowed.
A. manners B. action C. movement D. manner
20. Johnson is an honest businessman. Our company and his has had a lot of _______ in the past few years.
A. agreements B. sales C. deals D. bargains
主謂一致
【要點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥】
英語(yǔ)句子中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須與主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)取得一致，這就叫做主謂一致。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個(gè)原則：語(yǔ)法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近一致原則。
1：either , neither , each , one , the other , another , anybody , anyone , anything , somebody , someone , something , everything ,everybody , everyone ,no one , nothing ,nobody 做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。
Neither of the two sentences is correct .
Everything around us is matter .
(注意：none , neither, all ,any作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)可用單數(shù)，也可用復(fù)數(shù)，具體取決于說話人的意思。)
None of them owns/own a car .
Neither of the boys are / is interested in geography.
All are here. And all that can be done has been done.
2 ：表示“時(shí)間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積”等度量的名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
Five minutes is enough .
Four hundred francs is a lot of money .
3：each …and each …，every …and every ;no …and no ;many a …and many a …等結(jié)構(gòu)由于強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體行為，因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)。
Each boy and each girl has got a new English-Chinese dictionary .
No sound and no voice is heard for a long time .
(責(zé)任編輯：郭峰)
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