同等學(xué)力每日一練語法專刊（ 3 ）

語法部分要求考生掌握九大類基礎(chǔ)語法知識，并能在閱讀、寫作等過程中運用這些語法知識解決實際問題。這些要求看似復(fù)雜，其實只要考生在復(fù)習(xí)準備時認真學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)的詞匯和語法知識，了解考題的特點，在做練習(xí)題時注意識別練習(xí)題中的考點，有針對性地復(fù)習(xí)考試大綱所涵蓋的相關(guān)知識，真正做到知已知彼，就能在考試中取得滿意的成績。

3 ．動詞

（ 1 ）時態(tài)、語態(tài)

1 ）以下幾類動詞一般不能用于進行時，同樣不用于完成進行時。

a ．表示感知的動詞： hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell 。

b ． 表示意愿情感的動詞： desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love 。

c ．表示思考看法的動詞： believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind , recall, recollect , remember, trust, suppose 。

d ．表示所有 占有 的動詞： belong to , owe , own , possess , hold （容納）。

e ．其他動詞： cost , appear , concern , contain , consist , deserve , matter , seem 。

2 ）不用 will/shall 表達將來時的形式。

a ． be going to 表示現(xiàn)在的打算和意圖。

b ． arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off 等表示移位的動詞的進行時表示按計劃肯定要發(fā)生的將來動作。

c ． be to(do) 表示安排、計劃、決定、命令或注定要發(fā)生的事。

d ． be about to (do); be on the point of (doing) 表示“馬上就要”，一般不與表示將來的時間狀語連用。

e ． be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start 的一般現(xiàn)在時表示按日歷或時刻表要 發(fā)生的將來 動作 或事件。

f ．在 時間 、條件、讓 步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。

g ． 在 where/wherever 引導(dǎo)的地點從句和 whether 引導(dǎo)的讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。

3 ）與完成時連用的句型和時間狀語。

a ． by/between/up to/till+ 過去時間， since , by the time/when+ 謂語動詞是一般過去時的從句，主 句用過去完成時。

b ． by + 將來時間、 by the time/when+ 謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時的從句，主句用將來完成時。

c ． by now, since + 過去時間， in/during/for the past/last few （或具體數(shù)字） years/days/months ，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時。

d ．在 It is the+ 序數(shù)詞 / 形容詞最高級 +that 的定語從句中，謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時。

e ． 在 no sooner ...than..., hardly/scarcely...when/before... 句型中，主句常用過去完成時。

f ． 其他與完成時連用的時間狀語： all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet 等。

4 ）下列及物（短語）動詞一般不用于被動語態(tài)。

contain, cost, enter, fit, have, hold （容納）， lack, last, own, possess, belong to, resemble, suit, wish, agree with, consist of, get to, keep track of, shake hands with, take part in, walk into, arrive at, reach （到達）

5 ）接動名詞時主動形式表示被動意義的動詞。

bear, deserve, merit, need, require, want, demand

6 ）后接副詞時主動形式表示被動意義的動詞。

wash , open , polish , wear , write , sell , pull , push , lock , clean , cut , peel , spoil , read

例： The book sells well. 這本書賣得很好。

（ 2 ）非謂語動詞

1 ）常接動名詞做賓語的動詞。

acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, advise, avoid, admit, confess, consider, defend, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep mind, miss, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, permit, report, resent, resume, recall, recollect, risk, resist, suggest, tolerate

2 ）常接不定式做賓語的動詞。

agree, afford, aim, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, choose, claim, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, hope, endeavor, intend, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, pledge, pretend, prepare, promise, proceed, prove, resolve, refuse, request, swear, tend, try, venture, wait, wish

3 ）接不定式或動名詞在意思上有區(qū)別的動詞。

mean to do 想要（做某事） mean doing 意味（做某事）

propose to do 打算（做某事） propose doing 建議（做某事）

forget to do 忘記（要做的事） forget doing 忘記（已做的事）

remember to do 記得（要做某事） remember doing 記得（已做過的事）

regret to do （對將要做的事）遺憾 regret doing （對已做過的事）后悔

go on to do 繼而（做另一件事） go on doing 繼續(xù)（做原來的事）

stop to do 停下來去做另一件事（不定式作目的狀語）

stop doing 停止正在做的事（不定式做賓語）

4 ）不定式的習(xí)慣用法。

句型： cannot help but do; cannot but do

cannot choose but do; can do nothing but do

have no choice/alternative but to do

5 ）動名詞的習(xí)慣用法。

句型： be busy/active doing sth.

have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.

It's no good/use/picnic doing sth.

have a good/terrible/difficult time doing sth.

spend/waste time doing sth.

There is no point/sense/harm doing sth.

cannot help doing sth.

6 ）下列動詞短語中的 to 是介詞，后面應(yīng)接動名詞或名詞。

object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to

（ 3 ）虛擬語氣

1 ） that 賓語從句需用（ should+ ）動詞原形表示虛擬的動詞。

desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, suggest, urge, vote, move

應(yīng)當注意的是，當 suggest 、 insist 等詞不再表示“建議”或“堅持要求”的含義時，其后面的從句不再用虛擬語氣。例如：

His look suggested that he wasn't telling the truth.

He insisted that he was right.

2 ）下列名詞后接 that 同位語從句或表語從句時，從句謂語需用（ should+ ）動詞原形表示虛擬。

insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, order, necessity, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding

3 ）下列形容詞或分詞做表語時， that 主語從句需用（ should+ ）動詞原形表示虛擬。

advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, natural, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, strange, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested

4 ）含蓄虛擬條件句。

a ．介詞 with, without, under, in but for 等表示含蓄條件。例如：

But for your help, they couldn't have succeeded.

She wasn't feeling well. Otherwise, she wouldn't have left the meeting so early.

b ．連詞 but, or, or else ，副詞 otherwise, unfortunately 等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)。

c ． intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+ 不定式完成式或 had intended/me- ant/planned/hoped/wished+ 不定式一般式暗示虛擬語氣。

d ．情態(tài)動詞完成式可以表示虛擬含義。

5 ）在非真實條件句中，有時從句的動詞所表示的動作和主句的動詞所表示的動作并不同時發(fā)生，這樣的條件句中使用的虛擬式稱為混合虛擬式。其構(gòu)成視具體情況而定。例如：

If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now.

If I were you, I wouldn't have missed the film last night.

6 ）引導(dǎo)非真實條件從句的連詞 if 在正式文體中有時可以省去， were ， had ， should 等非行 為動詞這時應(yīng)提到從句句首。例如：

If I were you, I wouldn't feel sorry.

→ Were I you, I wouldn't feel sorry.

7 ）虛擬式可用于 wish 后的賓語從句中，表示與事實相反的愿望。其表達形式一般是將謂語動詞提前一個時態(tài)。例如：

I wish I had been to the concert last night.

I wish he would forgive me.

8 ） It's (high, about) time that… 的句型要求用虛擬式，表示應(yīng)該做還沒有做的事。其表達形式一般是謂語動詞使用過去時態(tài)。例如：

It's high time that he stopped smoking.

It's about time that we took our leave.

9 ）在 I would rather 后的句子中，動詞也要求用虛擬式，表示某人的愿望。其表達形式一般是將謂語動詞提前一個時態(tài)。例如：

I'd rather you left tomorrow instead of today.

I'd rather he hadn't done anything like that.

10 ）在由 as if, as though 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中，表示和現(xiàn)在事實相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有所懷疑，或表示與主句謂語動詞同時或其后的假設(shè)情況時，從句中謂語動詞用過去時。表示過去想像中的動作或情況或表示在主句謂語動詞所表示時間之前的假設(shè)情況，從句用過去完成時。如果表示的情況很可能發(fā)生或是事實，則用陳述語氣。例如：

She looks as if she knew all about it.

They talked as though they had got acquainted with each other for years.

11 ）在 if only 引起的感嘆句中，用謂語動詞的一般過去時表示與現(xiàn)在的事實相反的情況，用過去完成時表示與過去事實相反的情況。例如：

If only he knew our telephone number!

12 ）在 lest ， for fear that ， in case 等詞引導(dǎo)的從句中，謂語動詞用 should+ 動詞原形表示虛擬， should 一詞也可以省略。例如：

Grown people should never say or do anything wrong before children, lest they(should) set them a bad example.

（ 4 ）情態(tài)動詞

1 ）情態(tài)動詞后面加不定式的完成式，即“情態(tài)動詞 +have+done ”，用來表示過去時間的各種情態(tài)。用法如下：

情態(tài)動詞用在句子中表示對過去的行為或過去的動作的推測、評論或判斷，表示某種事情“一定”、“可能”或“應(yīng)該”已經(jīng)完成或發(fā)生了�？忌鷳�(yīng)該牢記不同的情態(tài)動詞與不定式完成式連用所表達的意思。如： wouldn't have done sth. （本來不會……）， should/ought to have done sth. （本應(yīng) / 應(yīng)該已經(jīng)……）， shouldn't/oughtn't to have done sth. （本不該……）， would have done sth. （本來會……）， can/could/may/might have done sth. （可能已經(jīng) / 也許已經(jīng)……）， must have done sth. （一定 / 準是……）， can't/couldn't have done sth. （一定沒 / 準沒有……），“ needn't + 完成式”表示對已經(jīng)做過的事感到不必要。

例： I could have arrived a little earlier, but I met a friend of mine on the way.

The children must have got terrified in last night's earthquake.

Since they aren't answering the telephone, they must have left.

You should have put the milk in the ice-box; I expect it had become undrinkable by now.

You needn't have told her again because she has a good memory.

You needn't have interrupted the class to tell me that; you could have come up to me afterwards.

2 ）情態(tài)動詞后面加進行時，即“情態(tài)動詞 +be+doing ”，表示“應(yīng)當正在……”、“想必 / 一定正在……”、“可能 / 也許正在……”等意思。情態(tài)動詞后面加上完成進行式，即“情態(tài)動詞 +have been doing ”，表示“應(yīng)當一直在……”、“想必一直在……”等意思。

例： He shouldn't be watching TV now. It's time for class.

The president of our company isn't here. He may be interviewing candidates for the post of sales manager at the moment.

He said he could drink a bottle of whisky. He must be joking.

They must have been working on their thesis.

3 ）情態(tài)動詞后面用被動語態(tài)，在很多情況下，動詞的主語是動作的承擔者，因此，情態(tài)動詞后面就要跟動詞的被動語態(tài)形式。

例： The Central Park can be seen from the top of this exclusive apartment building.

Many rare animals should be saved from extinction.

The girl must have been frightened by the thrilling movie in which there are some violent scenes.