同等學(xué)力每日一練語(yǔ)法�？�（ 3 ）

語(yǔ)法部分要求考生掌握九大類基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，并能在閱讀、寫作等過(guò)程中運(yùn)用這些語(yǔ)法知識(shí)解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題。這些要求看似復(fù)雜，其實(shí)只要考生在復(fù)習(xí)準(zhǔn)備時(shí)認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)的詞匯和語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，了解考題的特點(diǎn)，在做練習(xí)題時(shí)注意識(shí)別練習(xí)題中的考點(diǎn)，有針對(duì)性地復(fù)習(xí)考試大綱所涵蓋的相關(guān)知識(shí)，真正做到知已知彼，就能在考試中取得滿意的成績(jī)。

3 ．動(dòng)詞

（ 1 ）時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)

1 ）以下幾類動(dòng)詞一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，同樣不用于完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

a ．表示感知的動(dòng)詞： hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell 。

b ． 表示意愿情感的動(dòng)詞： desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love 。

c ．表示思考看法的動(dòng)詞： believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind , recall, recollect , remember, trust, suppose 。

d ．表示所有 占有 的動(dòng)詞： belong to , owe , own , possess , hold （容納）。

e ．其他動(dòng)詞： cost , appear , concern , contain , consist , deserve , matter , seem 。

2 ）不用 will/shall 表達(dá)將來(lái)時(shí)的形式。

a ． be going to 表示現(xiàn)在的打算和意圖。

b ． arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off 等表示移位的動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃肯定要發(fā)生的將來(lái)動(dòng)作。

c ． be to(do) 表示安排、計(jì)劃、決定、命令或注定要發(fā)生的事。

d ． be about to (do); be on the point of (doing) 表示“馬上就要”，一般不與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

e ． be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start 的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示按日歷或時(shí)刻表要 發(fā)生的將來(lái) 動(dòng)作 或事件。

f ．在 時(shí)間 、條件、讓 步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。

g ． 在 where/wherever 引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)從句和 whether 引導(dǎo)的讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。

3 ）與完成時(shí)連用的句型和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

a ． by/between/up to/till+ 過(guò)去時(shí)間， since , by the time/when+ 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)的從句，主 句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

b ． by + 將來(lái)時(shí)間、 by the time/when+ 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句，主句用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。

c ． by now, since + 過(guò)去時(shí)間， in/during/for the past/last few （或具體數(shù)字） years/days/months ，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

d ．在 It is the+ 序數(shù)詞 / 形容詞最高級(jí) +that 的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

e ． 在 no sooner ...than..., hardly/scarcely...when/before... 句型中，主句常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

f ． 其他與完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet 等。

4 ）下列及物（短語(yǔ)）動(dòng)詞一般不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

contain, cost, enter, fit, have, hold （容納）， lack, last, own, possess, belong to, resemble, suit, wish, agree with, consist of, get to, keep track of, shake hands with, take part in, walk into, arrive at, reach （到達(dá)）

5 ）接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的動(dòng)詞。

bear, deserve, merit, need, require, want, demand

6 ）后接副詞時(shí)主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的動(dòng)詞。

wash , open , polish , wear , write , sell , pull , push , lock , clean , cut , peel , spoil , read

例： The book sells well. 這本書(shū)賣得很好。

（ 2 ）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

1 ）常接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。

acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, advise, avoid, admit, confess, consider, defend, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep mind, miss, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, permit, report, resent, resume, recall, recollect, risk, resist, suggest, tolerate

2 ）常接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。

agree, afford, aim, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, choose, claim, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, hope, endeavor, intend, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, pledge, pretend, prepare, promise, proceed, prove, resolve, refuse, request, swear, tend, try, venture, wait, wish

3 ）接不定式或動(dòng)名詞在意思上有區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞。

mean to do 想要（做某事） mean doing 意味（做某事）

propose to do 打算（做某事） propose doing 建議（做某事）

forget to do 忘記（要做的事） forget doing 忘記（已做的事）

remember to do 記得（要做某事） remember doing 記得（已做過(guò)的事）

regret to do （對(duì)將要做的事）遺憾 regret doing （對(duì)已做過(guò)的事）后悔

go on to do 繼而（做另一件事） go on doing 繼續(xù)（做原來(lái)的事）

stop to do 停下來(lái)去做另一件事（不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)）

stop doing 停止正在做的事（不定式做賓語(yǔ)）

4 ）不定式的習(xí)慣用法。

句型： cannot help but do; cannot but do

cannot choose but do; can do nothing but do

have no choice/alternative but to do

5 ）動(dòng)名詞的習(xí)慣用法。

句型： be busy/active doing sth.

have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.

It's no good/use/picnic doing sth.

have a good/terrible/difficult time doing sth.

spend/waste time doing sth.

There is no point/sense/harm doing sth.

cannot help doing sth.

6 ）下列動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中的 to 是介詞，后面應(yīng)接動(dòng)名詞或名詞。

object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to

（ 3 ）虛擬語(yǔ)氣

1 ） that 賓語(yǔ)從句需用（ should+ ）動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬的動(dòng)詞。

desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, suggest, urge, vote, move

應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的是，當(dāng) suggest 、 insist 等詞不再表示“建議”或“堅(jiān)持要求”的含義時(shí)，其后面的從句不再用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如：

His look suggested that he wasn't telling the truth.

He insisted that he was right.

2 ）下列名詞后接 that 同位語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)需用（ should+ ）動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬。

insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, order, necessity, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding

3 ）下列形容詞或分詞做表語(yǔ)時(shí)， that 主語(yǔ)從句需用（ should+ ）動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬。

advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, natural, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, strange, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested

4 ）含蓄虛擬條件句。

a ．介詞 with, without, under, in but for 等表示含蓄條件。例如：

But for your help, they couldn't have succeeded.

She wasn't feeling well. Otherwise, she wouldn't have left the meeting so early.

b ．連詞 but, or, or else ，副詞 otherwise, unfortunately 等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)。

c ． intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+ 不定式完成式或 had intended/me- ant/planned/hoped/wished+ 不定式一般式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

d ．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式可以表示虛擬含義。

5 ）在非真實(shí)條件句中，有時(shí)從句的動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作并不同時(shí)發(fā)生，這樣的條件句中使用的虛擬式稱為混合虛擬式。其構(gòu)成視具體情況而定。例如：

If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now.

If I were you, I wouldn't have missed the film last night.

6 ）引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)條件從句的連詞 if 在正式文體中有時(shí)可以省去， were ， had ， should 等非行 為動(dòng)詞這時(shí)應(yīng)提到從句句首。例如：

If I were you, I wouldn't feel sorry.

→ Were I you, I wouldn't feel sorry.

7 ）虛擬式可用于 wish 后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，表示與事實(shí)相反的愿望。其表達(dá)形式一般是將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞提前一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。例如：

I wish I had been to the concert last night.

I wish he would forgive me.

8 ） It's (high, about) time that… 的句型要求用虛擬式，表示應(yīng)該做還沒(méi)有做的事。其表達(dá)形式一般是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。例如：

It's high time that he stopped smoking.

It's about time that we took our leave.

9 ）在 I would rather 后的句子中，動(dòng)詞也要求用虛擬式，表示某人的愿望。其表達(dá)形式一般是將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞提前一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。例如：

I'd rather you left tomorrow instead of today.

I'd rather he hadn't done anything like that.

10 ）在由 as if, as though 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示和現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有所懷疑，或表示與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)或其后的假設(shè)情況時(shí)，從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)。表示過(guò)去想像中的動(dòng)作或情況或表示在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示時(shí)間之前的假設(shè)情況，從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如果表示的情況很可能發(fā)生或是事實(shí)，則用陳述語(yǔ)氣。例如：

She looks as if she knew all about it.

They talked as though they had got acquainted with each other for years.

11 ）在 if only 引起的感嘆句中，用謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反的情況，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的情況。例如：

If only he knew our telephone number!

12 ）在 lest ， for fear that ， in case 等詞引導(dǎo)的從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用 should+ 動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬， should 一詞也可以省略。例如：

Grown people should never say or do anything wrong before children, lest they(should) set them a bad example.

（ 4 ）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

1 ）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加不定式的完成式，即“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +have+done ”，用來(lái)表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的各種情態(tài)。用法如下：

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用在句子中表示對(duì)過(guò)去的行為或過(guò)去的動(dòng)作的推測(cè)、評(píng)論或判斷，表示某種事情“一定”、“可能”或“應(yīng)該”已經(jīng)完成或發(fā)生了�？忌鷳�(yīng)該牢記不同的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與不定式完成式連用所表達(dá)的意思。如： wouldn't have done sth. （本來(lái)不會(huì)……）， should/ought to have done sth. （本應(yīng) / 應(yīng)該已經(jīng)……）， shouldn't/oughtn't to have done sth. （本不該……）， would have done sth. （本來(lái)會(huì)……）， can/could/may/might have done sth. （可能已經(jīng) / 也許已經(jīng)……）， must have done sth. （一定 / 準(zhǔn)是……）， can't/couldn't have done sth. （一定沒(méi) / 準(zhǔn)沒(méi)有……），“ needn't + 完成式”表示對(duì)已經(jīng)做過(guò)的事感到不必要。

例： I could have arrived a little earlier, but I met a friend of mine on the way.

The children must have got terrified in last night's earthquake.

Since they aren't answering the telephone, they must have left.

You should have put the milk in the ice-box; I expect it had become undrinkable by now.

You needn't have told her again because she has a good memory.

You needn't have interrupted the class to tell me that; you could have come up to me afterwards.

2 ）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加進(jìn)行時(shí)，即“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +be+doing ”，表示“應(yīng)當(dāng)正在……”、“想必 / 一定正在……”、“可能 / 也許正在……”等意思。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加上完成進(jìn)行式，即“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +have been doing ”，表示“應(yīng)當(dāng)一直在……”、“想必一直在……”等意思。

例： He shouldn't be watching TV now. It's time for class.

The president of our company isn't here. He may be interviewing candidates for the post of sales manager at the moment.

He said he could drink a bottle of whisky. He must be joking.

They must have been working on their thesis.

3 ）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，在很多情況下，動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承擔(dān)者，因此，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面就要跟動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。

例： The Central Park can be seen from the top of this exclusive apartment building.

Many rare animals should be saved from extinction.

The girl must have been frightened by the thrilling movie in which there are some violent scenes.