2002年在職攻讀碩士學(xué)位全國聯(lián)考
英語考試試卷
Part 1 Vocabulary and Structure (25 minutes, 10 points)
Directions: There are twenty incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.
Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
1. Experiments in the photography of moving objects _____ in both the United States and Eu- rope well before 1990.
A. have been conducting B. were conducting
C. had been conducting D. are conducting
2. After long negotiations, the firm ______ to build a double-purpose bridge across the river.
A. contracted B. contacted C. consulted D. convinced
3. Diderot was also a philosophical materialist, ______ that thought developed from the move- ments and changes of matter.
A. believing B. have been located C. believes D. be locating
4. We felt to death because we could make nothing of the lecturer's speech.
A. exposed B. tired C. exhausted D. bored
5. The population of many Alaskan cities has ______ doubled in the past three years.
A. large than B. more than C. as great as D. as many as
6. It was very difficult to build a power station in the deep valley, but it ______ as we had hoped.
A. came off B. went off C. brought out D. made out
7. A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, _______ he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant.
A. if B. whenever C. so that D. whereas
8. Christmas is a holiday usually celebrated on December 25th _______ the birth of Jesus Christ.
A. in accordance with B. in terms of C. in favor of D. in honor of
9. Weather _______, there will be an open air party with live music here this weekend.
A. permits B. should permit C. will permit D. permitting
10. When workers are organized in trade unions, employers find it hard to lay them _______
A. off B. aside C. out D. down
11. The symbols of mathematics ________ we are most familiar are the sings of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and equality.
A. to which B. which C. with which D. in which
12. The machines in this workshop are not regulated ________ but are jointly controlled by a central computer system.
A. inevitably B. individually C. irrespectively D. irregularly
13. We are sure that ________ to do this face to face, he would find it difficult to express himself without losing his temper.
A. were he to try B. would he try C. was he trying D. if he tries
14. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the prices of vegetables no longer according to the weather.
A. evaluated B. converted C. fluctuated D. modified
15. ________ he realized it was already too late for us to return home.
A. No sooner it grew dark when B. Hardly it grew dark than
C. It was not until dark that D. Scarcely it grew dark than
16. Without computer network, it would be impossible to carry on ________ any business operation in the advanced countries.
A. practically B. preferably C. precisely D. possibly
17. _______ will Mr. Forbes be able to regain control of the company.
A. With hard work B. As regards his hard work
C. Only if he works hard D. Despite his hard work
18. From the incident they have learned a lesson: ________ decisions often lead to bitter regrets.
A. urgent B. hasty C. instant D. prompt
19. What the teacher of the science class does and says ________ of great importance to the students at college.
A. was B. are C. is D. were
20. The Chinese community there, consisting of 67, 000 _______, is the largest concentration of Chinese outside Asia.
A. visitors B. workers C. adults D. inhabitants

Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (70 minutes, 40 points)
Directions: There are 5 passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER $HEET with a single line through the center.
Passage One
In the United States the way people spend their leisure time is an important part of their identity. Perhaps everybody does nearly the same thing all day in the office or the factory, but leisure time is what makes people distinct and reveals who they are. Some people like rock music, for example, and others may like jazz or classical music. Some people are runners or swimmers, and others are "couch (睡椅) potatoes" who "surf" the television channels with a remote control. Some go to museums while others spend long hours at a shopping center. These kinds of choices are ways that people define themselves.
It hasn't always been this way. "Leisure time" was almost unknown in the United States in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. When most people worked on farms, the workday was from sunrise to sunset every day except Sunday, which was devoted to church. Later, with the rise of factories and city populations, people worked equally long hours and had only Sunday for rests. Some people did many of the things then that they do now-attend concerts, have parties, go to restaurants, read novels, or play sports-but to a much lesser extent.
Slowly, throughout the twentieth century, leisure time grew. Technology made farm work less burdensome, and changes in laws shortened the factory workday and week. New inventions such as phonograph (留聲機(jī)) and the radio gave people access to music and mass entertainment on a scale unknown before. People gradually became consumers of entertainment, and businesses competed fiercely for their dollars.
For many people leisure time means going somewhere-to a museum, to a concert, to a restaurant, or to a baseball game, for example. Or it means doing something such as playing volleyball, backpacking, swimming, biking, or playing in a park with their children. For other people free time means staying home with wonderful sources of entertainment, such as a VCR, stereo (立體聲系統(tǒng)), or cable TV with dozens of channels. Others pursue creative activities such as cooking, gardening, and home improvement. The latest stay-at-home activity is "surfing the net" -that is, looking for information and entertainment on the Internet.
People in the United States are basically not much different from others in what they do in their leisure time. The real difference may lie in the energy, time, money, and sheer enthusiasm that they devote to it.
21. "Couch potatoes" in paragraph 1 refers to those who
A. control their viewing of TV programs
B. are happy watching situation comedies
C. watch TV while eating potato chips
D. are crazy about watching TV programs
22. According to the passage, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some Americans ______
A. worked from sunrise to sunset seven days a week
B. preferred working in factories to working on farms
C. had many of the leisure time activities that people now have
D. fought for shorter working hours and more leisure time
23. Apart from technology, the growing leisure time throughout the twentieth century is also due to
A. changes in laws B. mass entertainment
C. new types of consumption D. competitive business
24. In terms of leisure time activities, people in the United States ________
A. enjoy a larger variety than people in other countries
B. are not much different from people in other countries
C. enjoy more stay-at-home activities such as "surfing the net"
D. are less energetic and enthusiastic than others

Passage Two
Whether you are logging on to your personal computer, using a credit card, or disarming a door security system, passwords or PINs (personal identification numbers) guard access to numerous regular operations.
It is estimated that within then years, consumers could be faced with handling more than 100 passwords! Given the popularity of passwords, how can you choose ones that are sufficiently complicated to be secure yet are simple enough to remember?
There are basic guidelines to bear in mind. Don't use as a password your name or that of a member of your family, even in modified form. Also avoid using your telephone number, your Social Security number, or your address. Such information can easily be obtained by a determined hacker (黑客).
In addition, if possible, don't use passwords made up entirely of letters or digits. A relatively simple computer program can crack such a code quickly. Finally, do not use a word that can be found in any dictionary, even a foreign-language one. Huge lists are available that contain words, place names, and proper names from all languages. Programs can test for variations of these words, such as if they are spelled backward, capitalized, or combined.
So, what kinds of passwords should be used? Usually ones that have a minimum of six to eight characters and that have a mixture of upper-and lower-case letters, digit and punctuation (標(biāo)點(diǎn)) symbols. How difficult is it to crack such a combination of characters? One source says, “A machine that could try one million passwords per second would require, on the average, over one hundred years."
How can you choose a combination that is easy to remember? Some suggest that you take the title of a favorite book or film or a line from a song or poem and use the first letter from each word as your password, adding capital letters, punctuation, or other characters. For example, “to be or not be" could become "2B/not2B."
Other suggestions include taking two short words and link them with a punctuation character, such as "High?Bug" or "Song;Tree".
Taking into account the suggestions outlined above can help you to protect important infor- mation from unwanted hackers. Remember, too, the importance of changing your passwords regularly. Just a final comment: Whatever passwords you decide to use, don't pick any of the examples given above.
25. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. How to strengthen security through a password.
B. How to choose a password that is easy to remember.
C. How to prevent your password from being cracked.
D. How to choose a safe and convenient password.
26. Why shouldn't we use a word that can be found in any dictionary as a password?
A. Because it can be easily remembered by a computer hacker.
B. Because computer programs can crack it.
C. Because computer hackers are determined to crack it.
D. Because the lists are so huge that the words are not easy to remember.
27. If you are choosing a password for your computer, which of the following is the best choice?
A. iaHgnahs B. 19730508 C. 2B/not2B D. Re-B, pl2
28. How can you choose a password that is both secure and simple to remember?
A. Taking the title of your favorite book or film.
B. Taking a line from a song or poem you like best.
C. Making up a nonsensical word which cannot be found in any dictionary.
D. Using two short words linked with a punctuation character.

Passage 3
According to a concerned 1997 article in the Boston Globe, the United States spent less than one percent of its transportation budget on facilities for pedestrians (行人). Actually, I'm surprised it was that much. Go to almost any suburb developed in the last 30 years, and you will not find a sidewalk anywhere. Often you won't find a single pedestrian crossing.
I was made fully aware of this one summer when we were driving across Maine and stopped for coffee in one of those endless zones of shopping malls (購物中心), motels, gas stations and fast-food places. I noticed there was a bookstore across the street; so I decided to forget coffee and go there to have a look.
Although the bookshop was no more than 70 or 80 feet away, I discovered that there was no way to cross over six lanes of swiftly moving traffic on foot without putting myself in danger. In the end, I had to get in our car and drive cross.
At the time, it seemed ridiculous and annoying, but afterward I realized that I was possibly the only person ever to have thought of crossing the street on foot.
The fact is, we not only don't walk anywhere anymore in this country, we won't walk anywhere, and dislike anyone who tries to make us, as the city of Laconia, N.H. discovered. In the early 1970s, Laconia spent millions on a comprehensive urban renewal project, which included building a pedestrian mall to make shopping more pleasant. Esthetically (美學(xué)上) it was a triumph-- urban planners came from all over to praise and take photos -- but commercially it was a disaster. Forced to walk one whole block from a parking garage, shoppers abandoned downtown Laconia for suburban malls.
In 1994 Laconia dug up its pretty paving blocks, took away the flowers and decorative trees, and brought back the cars. Now people can park right in front of the stores again, and downtown Laconia thrives again.
And if that isn't said, I don't know what is.
29. In paragraph 1,'Tm surprised it was that much" means the authors thinks _ _
A. the government spends too much on facilities for pedestrian
B. the government speeds just enough on facilities for pedestrian
C. the amount is more than he has expected
D. the amount is less than he was expected
30. In Maine the author had to drive to a bookstore 70 or 80 feet away because _ _
A. it was practically impossible for him to cross the street on foot
B. the street was actually too broad to cross on foot
C. it was against the traffic regulations to cross the street on foot
D. no one has ever walked across such a crowded street
31. According to the author, most Americans __
A. don't care much about the lack of facilities for pedestrian
B. think it ridiculous and annoying to have no crossing for pedestrian
C. are interested in building the facilities for pedestrian
D. have realized the importance of the facilities for pedestrian
32. What is sad according to the author?
A. The Laconia urban renewal project was poorly supported.
B. Laconia has become a busy shopping center again.
C. People park their cars right in front of the stores.
D. Most Americans are reluctant to walk even a single block.

Passage 4
Dear Sirs,
Your shipment of twelve thousand "Smart" watches was received by our company this morning. However, we wish to make a number of complaints concerning the serious delay in delivery and your failure to carry out our specific instructions with regard to this order.
It was stressed from the beginning that the delivery date had to be less than six weeks from the initial order, in order to meet our own customers' requirements. While we understand that delays in production are occasionally inevitable, we must point out that the major reason why the order was placed with your company was because we were assured by you of its speed of delivery, and that your existing stocks were sufficiently high to ensure immediate shipment. Late delivery of the goods has caused us to disappoint several of our most valued customers, and is bound to have a negative effect on potential future orders.
The second complaint concerns the difference in colour between the watches we ordered and those delivered. It was stated clearly in the original order that watches in combinations of green/ purple and orange/purple only were required. However, only half the watches in the delivery received are of the colours specified. Our Hong Kong agent assures us that she stressed to you the importance of following our instructions precisely, since we consider there to be only a limited market in this country for watches of other colours at the present time. Any watches that are not of the specified colours will, of course, be returned to you.
We are also somewhat concerned about the rather poor quality of the goods received, since it is apparent that the watches that finally arrived have been produced from inferior materials and have been manufactured to a lower standard than those in the sample. We have also found that a number of the watches do not appear to be functioning. Whether the latter problem is due to poor manufactures, damage during transportation or bad batteries is not yet clear, but we should like to point out that we feel this matter to be entirely your responsibility.
As a result of the above problems, therefore, we feel that the most suitable course of action is to return to you unpaid any of the goods considered unsatisfactory, and to subtract any resultant costs from our final settlement. We shall also, of course, be forced to reconsider whether any further orders should be placed with your company.
We look forward to your prompt reply.
Yours sincerely,
John Smith

33. The manufacturers of "Smart" watches were given the order because __
A. they produced the best watches of its kind in the world
B. they watches would be easy to make and the designs were already prepared
C. they promised they could produce enough stocks quite quickly
D. they claimed the order would be easy since the watches were already in stock
34. Receiving watches in the wrong colours is a problem because __
A. the Hong Kong agent stressed the need to fulfill the order exactly
B. these watches will be difficult to sell
C. these watches will not be able to get into the limited market
D. people will not buy the watches at present
35. "The latter problem" in paragraph 4 refers to __
A. the poor quality of the goods
B. the use of inferior materials
C. the low standard of manufacture
D. some of the watches not working
36. The last sentence of paragraph 5"We shall also, of course, be forced to... with your company" suggests that
A. the company may stop trading with the watch manufacturers
B. the company will probably reduce the number of watches to be ordered in the future
C. the writer is afraid their company might go out of business soon
D. the company is probably willing to give the manufactures another chance

Passage 5
In London, two weeks ago a class of students made legal history by winning a lawsuit against their college for poor teaching.
In this landmark case the group all passed their course in historic vehicle restoration, but sued (起訴) the Oxfordshire college they had attended, claiming their qualifications were worth-less because none had gained jobs in the field. The fact that the course was substantially different from that promised meant they won their case.
James Groves, general secretary of the National Postgraduate Committee in UK reports that students are getting better at complaining. “They are starting to see themselves as consumers of a product, and are reacting accordingly when things don't go right. Most importantly, they usually are paying their own fees and expect to get what they have paid for."
Groves says most complaints to his organization are about facilities and the quality of supervision. He says that more students seem to make complaints might be due simply to the fact that universities are getting better at dealing with them. “In the past there was a tendency for colleges to brush these things aside. Today, most universities observe a code of practice and complaints are taken more seriously."
He adds that students with complaints should first talk informally with the person concerned, taking a "friendly but firm attitude."
Jaswinder Gill, who represented the students in the Oxfordshire case, is co-author of a recently published book: “Universities and Students." He says the Oxfordshire case is interesting because the majority of students finished the course and was awarded qualifications. "Previously, students have sued when they failed to gain qualifications. But it is not now good enough for universities and colleges to say to grieving students: 'you've got your qualification, so what's the problem? 'It's about the quality of that qualification."
The students argued that promises made in the college introduction, in course material and by course representatives during interviews were not met. Promised job opportunities in the industry failed to materialize, as did the promised 50 percent of practical and vocational work, and basic tools had not been available. Gill suggests that in such cases it is easy to prove the college at fault.
37. What made the students of Oxfordshire win their case?
A. None of them gained jobs a few years after graduation.
B. The students failed to get their qualifications.
C. They didn't get what they had been promised.
D. They were over-charged by the college they attended.
38. According to James Groves, __
A. more students make complaints because universities take their criticism more seriously
B. through handling more complaints from the students, universities have learnt how to deal with them
C. college students tend to make complaints about the facilities of their schools
D. most university authorities tend to brush student complaints aside
39. According to the passage, the students are complaining about their education, because __
A. more courses provided by universities fail to meet the promised quality
B. students want to pay for a consumption worth their own money
C. when things don't go right students have the right to react accordingly
D. students require universities to provide the best facilities and quality supervision
40. In the Oxfordshire case, what did the college promise?
A. 50% of the students could get their qualifications through the course.
B. 50% of the students would receive quality education.
C. 50% of the students could find a job in the field.
D. 50% of the time would be spent practicing in the field.

Part III Cloze Test (15 minutes, 5 points)
Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each numbered blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
How does water scarcity affect people? First of all, it 41 their health. It is not that they will die of thirst; rather, the poor quality of the water 42 for cooking and drinking may make them ill.
43 our bodies require water to treat waste products, plentiful water is required for proper sanitation (衛(wèi)生) -- water that for much of mankind is simply not available. 44 people without adequate sanitation rose from 2.6 billion in 1990 to 2.9 billion in 1999. And sanitation is literally a matter of life and death. In a 45 statement, United Nations officials warned: “When children lack water that is fit for drinking and sanitation, virtually every aspect of their health and development is 46."
Food production is dependent on water. Many crops, of course, are watered by rain, but in recent times irrigation has become the key 47 the world's booming population. Today 36 percent of the world's harvest depends on irrigation.
If plentiful water flows out of every tap in our home and if we have a clean toilet (抽水馬桶) that conveniently washes out waste, it may be 48 to believe that the world is rtmning out of an adequate supply of water. We should remember, however, that only 20 percent of mankind enjoys such 49. In Africa many women spend as much as six hours a day 50 water.
41. A. hurts B. harms C. injures D. destroys
42. A. valuable B. desirable C. capable D. available
43. A. As for B. As well as C. Just as D. Such as
44. A. The number of B.A number of C. Number of D. Numerous
45. A. joining B. joined C. join D. joint
46. A. at a loss B. at all cost C. at worst D. at risk
47. A. to feed B. to feeding C. for feed D. for feeding
48. A. hard B. easy C. sure D. usual
49. A. decorations B. luxuries C. wastes D. recreations
50. A. bringing B. taking C. fetching D. carrying

Part IV Translation (30 minutes, 15 points)
Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translation on the AN-SWER SHEET.
Since 1981, farmers in Holland have encouraged to adopt "green" farming techniques that were thought to benefit plant and bird life. Farmers who have voluntarily adopted these measures are compensated by the European Union. The goal of the program is to work against the negative effects of modern farming, such as declines in species diversity and the disturbance of local
nesting grounds.
The "green" methods of farming cost the European Union about 1.7 billion Euros annually. This is about 4 percent of the budget for "Common Agricultural Policy," and the compensation is expected to rise to 10 percent within the next few years.
Various forms of "green farming" employed around the world have proved successful, and all new methods thought to be environmentally sensitive should be subject to sound scientific evaluation to determine whether they are actually meeting the intended goals.
Part V Writing (30 minutes, 15 points)
Directions: You are to write in no less than 120 words about the title "What I Consider Important in Life ". Your composition should be based on the Chinese outline given below.
1．人生由不同的目標(biāo)：富有、名氣、地位、幸福的家庭……
2．其中我認(rèn)為重要的是……；理由是……
3．結(jié)論。

2002年在職攻讀碩士學(xué)位全國聯(lián)考
英語考試答案與解析
答案
1—5 CAADB 6—10ADDDA 11-15CBACC 16-20ACBCD 21-25DCABD
26-30BDDCA 31—35ADDBD 36-40ACABD 41-45BDCAD 46-50DBABC
參考譯文：
1981年以來，荷蘭農(nóng)民被鼓勵采用有益于植物和鳥類的“綠色”耕種技術(shù)。自愿采用這些技術(shù)的農(nóng)民由歐盟給予補(bǔ)償。該項目的目的是消除現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)所帶來的負(fù)面影響，如物種減少、本地筑巢受到破壞等。
歐盟每年用于“綠色”耕種技術(shù)的開支達(dá)17億歐元，大約占“共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策”預(yù)算的4％，并且該項補(bǔ)償費(fèi)在未來的幾年內(nèi)將上漲到10％。
世界各地的各種形式的“綠色農(nóng)業(yè)”已證明是成功的。所有被認(rèn)為對環(huán)境有影響的新方法都應(yīng)該接受科學(xué)評估，以確定它們是否真正達(dá)到了預(yù)期目標(biāo)。
參考范文：
What I Consider Important in Life
What should a person live for? The answer to this question varies from person to person. Some live to seek wealth, some live to seek fame... In a word, everybody should have a goal in his life. We can achieve nothing without a realistic goal. Aimless life wastes our energy and time. Whatever goal you might have, the primarily important thing you Should have in life is health.
It is universally true that everyone needs good health. With our society becoming more competitive, it is important to stay healthy. For one thing, people with good health can do work with full energy and their excellency in work in turn contributes to their health and happiness. For another, an unhealthy person is seldom able to show interest in everything around him and there-fore he loses many opportunities to achieve success.
解析
一、詞匯與語法結(jié)構(gòu)
1．答案是C。
這是一道語法結(jié)構(gòu)題，本題考查的是時態(tài)問題。由于句中的時間狀語是before 1990，屬典型的“過去的過去”的標(biāo)志，因而使用過去完成進(jìn)行時。
2．答案是A。
本題考查詞義辨析。該句的意思是“經(jīng)過很長時間的談判，這家公司與對方簽訂合同建造一條兩用的跨河大橋”。contract意為“訂立合同”；contact意為“接觸”；consult意為“咨詢”；convince意為“說服，使確信”。顯然，除A項外，其他選項都不符合題意。
3．答案是A。
本題考查語法結(jié)構(gòu)。空格前的分句為句子的主體部分，而要填人的動詞所表達(dá)的動作由分句的主語Diderot發(fā)出，并且句子的主語與動詞的邏輯主語一致，因而需采用動詞的分詞形式，故答案為A。
4．答案是D。
本題為詞匯題。句中提供的選擇正確答案的已知信息是“因為報告者的演講讓我們一無所獲”。從因果關(guān)系出發(fā)，空格中需填入D。B與C雷同，都有“疲憊、疲勞”之意，與句意不符，故可以排除。A不符合句中的邏輯語義。因而只有D為正確答案。
5．答案是B。
本句的意思是“阿拉斯加城市人口在過去的三年里增長了兩倍多”。As great as，as many as分別表示程度和數(shù)量(修飾可數(shù)名詞)，從語法上講，double一般不與as．．,as結(jié)構(gòu)搭配，而large是形容詞不能修飾動詞double，故也不能選larger than。
6．答案是A。
本題考查短語辨析。Come off的意思是“進(jìn)行，實現(xiàn)，成功”，如：
Everything came off all right．
一切進(jìn)行得順利。
本題中的逗號前后部分為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，前文說“在深谷建水電站難”，下文的but提示“實際卻按計劃和希望進(jìn)展”，因而came off符合題意。go off意為“離去，離開，爆炸”，bring out意為“顯示出來，生產(chǎn)，出版”；make out意為“認(rèn)出，理解，證明”。
7．答案是D。
本題的關(guān)鍵是正確判斷前后句的邏輯關(guān)系。分析前后句的語義可知，前后句之間為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：“嬰兒面對陌生的成年人可能顯示出恐懼，但對另一個嬰兒卻能致以微笑甚至伸出手臂”。因而，四個選項中的連接詞只有whereas符合題意。
8．答案是D。
本題屬短語辨析題。全句的意思是“每年的12月25日是圣誕節(jié)，在這個宗教節(jié)日里慶祝耶穌的誕生�！眎n honor of意為“紀(jì)念”，符合題意。in accordance with意為“一致，符合”，in terms of意為“在……方面”，in favor of意為“贊同，支持，有利于”。
9．答案是D。
本題考查獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。動詞permit自身獨(dú)立的邏輯主語為weather，與主句的主語不同，因而使用“名詞十分詞的獨(dú)立主格”形式：weather permitting，表示條件。
10．答案是A。
本題考查動詞短語的固定搭配。解題的關(guān)鍵是正確理解句意“如果工會將工人們組織起來，雇主們就會發(fā)現(xiàn)很難將他們裁掉”。lay off意為“裁員，解雇”，名詞layoff可指“下崗工人，或被解雇的人員”。Lay aside意為“擱置，放置一旁”，lay out意為“安排布置，設(shè)計布局”，lay down意為“躺下，放下，放棄，規(guī)定，主張”等。
11．答案是C。
由于定語從句中使用了be familiar with詞組，因而介詞with要置于關(guān)系代詞which之
前。A和D項，to which和in which這種搭配顯然不符合familiar的使用習(xí)慣，應(yīng)排除；選
項B僅使用了關(guān)系代詞which；因此只有C為正確答案。
12．答案是B。
本題考查邏輯判斷�？崭窈蟮腷ut are jointly controlled by a central computer system提示空格中應(yīng)填人與jointly意義相反的副詞，選項中只有individually符合題意。inevitably意為“不可避免地”；irrespectively意為“無關(guān)地”；irregularly意為“不規(guī)則地”。
13．答案是A。
本題考查語法結(jié)構(gòu)。從主句的would do及全句的意思可知，本句為表示與將來事實相反的虛擬語氣，因而只有選項A為正確答案。
14．答案是C。
本題考查詞義辨析。首先應(yīng)從本句的意思出發(fā)，推定空格中要填人詞匯的意思，同時結(jié)合選項，選出正確答案。本句的意思是“當(dāng)?shù)鼐用衽d奮而驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)蔬菜的價格不再隨天氣的情況而——”空格中的詞匯意義顯然應(yīng)與“變化”有關(guān)，因而fluctuated(意為“波動”)是正確答案。而其他選項的意義不適用：evaluate意為“評價”，convert意為“轉(zhuǎn)換”，modiq／意為“修改”。
15．答案是C。
本題考查語法結(jié)構(gòu)。采用排除法便可迅速解題。英語中表示“一……就……”的基本
結(jié)構(gòu)為no sooner…than和hardly／scarcely…when，因而選項A，B，D都是錯誤的。
16．答案是A。
本題測試同類詞辨析。這類題主要應(yīng)通過句子的意思來確定空格中要填人詞的大概意思。全句的意思是“在發(fā)達(dá)國家，沒有計算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，幾乎不能進(jìn)行任何商業(yè)活動”空格中需填入的詞應(yīng)該是表達(dá)“不可能”的程度，因而只有practically，意為“幾乎，實際上”符合題意。preferably意為“更喜歡”，precisely意為“準(zhǔn)確地”，possibly意為“可能地”(與原文意義相背)。
17．答案是C。
本題測試語法結(jié)構(gòu)。由于空格后的部分為倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，選項中只有only if用于句首，與倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)相一致。其他選項既不與倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)相符，在意義上也不能表示條件，皆可排除。
18．答案是B。
本題的考點(diǎn)為詞義辨析。根據(jù)本句的意思“從這件事情上他們得到了一個教訓(xùn)： 決定會導(dǎo)致痛苦的悔恨”，從意義上看顯然是“倉促的決定”因而B為正確答案。urgent意為“緊迫”，instant意為“即刻”；prompt意為“干脆的”。
19．答案是C。
本題測試主謂一致�？崭袂暗摹袄蠋熕�做所說的”雖為and連接，但表示的是抽象的單數(shù)概念，且為一般的客觀事實，因而使用一般現(xiàn)在時，故C為正確答案。
20．答案是D。
本題的關(guān)鍵已知信息是community(社區(qū))，community所包含的對象只能是inhabitants(居民)，故D為正確選項。
二、閱讀理解
21，答案是D。
詞匯題。文中相關(guān)的一段…others are“couch(睡椅)potatoes”who“surf”the television channels with a remote control…，根據(jù)后面的定語從句可以看出，這些人常常用遙控器“游弋”于不同的電視頻道中。這說明他們非常愛看電視，是電視迷一族。故選擇D。
22．答案是C。
細(xì)節(jié)題。文中指出，Some people did many of the things then that they do now-attend concerts，have parties，go to restaurants，read novels，or play sports-but to a much lesser extent．(那時，一些人和現(xiàn)在的人一樣也有許多娛樂活動，如參加音樂會，舉行聚會，去飯店吃飯，讀小說，或者打球，只不過沒有現(xiàn)在這么重視。)所以正確答案為C。
23．答案是A.
細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文中的Slowly，throughout the twentieth century，leisure time grew．Technology made farm work less burdensome，and changes in laws shortened the factory workday and week．(慢慢地，閑暇時間在整個20世紀(jì)越來越多�？萍际罐r(nóng)業(yè)勞動變得不再繁重，法律上的一些變化也縮短了工作日和工作周。)可知，A為正確答案。
24．答案是B。
細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文中的People in the United States are basically not much different from others in what they do in their leisure time．(美國人和其他人在休閑方面從根本上沒有什么不同。)
可以判斷，B是正確答案。
25．答案是D。
文章主題推斷題。Given the popularity of passwords，how can you choose one that are sufficiently complicated to be secure yet are simple enough to remember?(密碼流行起來后，你怎樣選擇密碼，密碼才能足夠復(fù)雜以保證安全但又足夠簡單以方便記憶?)，文章第二段中的這句話說明了文章要解決的問題。所以D是正確的。
26．答案是B。
細(xì)節(jié)題。文章相關(guān)的句子中有這樣的表述：A relatively simple computer program can crack such a code quickly．(一個相對簡單的計算機(jī)程序就可以很快解開這樣的密碼。)故選擇B。
27．答案是D。
細(xì)節(jié)題。文中有明確的提示：Other suggestions include taking two short words and linkthem with a punctuation character，such as“High?Bug”。or“Song；Tree"．(我們的建議是將兩個短單詞用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號連接。)所以D是正確的。
28．答案是D。
細(xì)節(jié)題。參照27題的解釋。
29．答案是C。
細(xì)節(jié)題。我們需要理解指示代詞it指的是不到百分之一的關(guān)于人行道設(shè)施的交通預(yù)算(less than one percent of its transportation budget on facilities)；句中that意思為SO。下文中又有如下表述：Go to almost any suburb developed in the last 30 years，and you will not find a sidewalk anywhere．Often you won't find a single pedestrian crossing(如果你到過去三十年中發(fā)展起來的任何郊區(qū)，在那兒，你不會發(fā)現(xiàn)一個人行道。)。沒有建人行道應(yīng)該不會花掉那么多的錢，所以我們可以推測作者認(rèn)為這筆錢比自己期望得要多。
30．答案是A。
細(xì)節(jié)題。在第三段中可以找到答案：I discovered that there was no way to cross over six lanes of swiftly moving traffic on foot without putting myself in danger．(我發(fā)現(xiàn)根本沒有路可以步行穿過6個車道的公路，公路上汽車快速穿行，非常危險。)所以A是正確答案。
31．答案是A。
細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第四段中有如下表述：…but afterward l realized that l was possibly the only person ever to have thought of crossing the street on foot．(但后來我才意識到，我可能是惟一
一個對步行過街有點(diǎn)想法的人。)所以A是正確答案。
32．答案是D。
推斷題。文章舉了一個例子說明了Laconia的遭遇，就是因為人們不愿步行從停車場穿過一個街區(qū)才使Laconia成了郊外的購物中心。所以這才是作者認(rèn)為悲哀的。故選擇D。
33．答案是D。
細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第二段We must point out that the major reason why the order was placed
with your company was because we were assured by you of its speed of delivery，and that your
existing stocks were sufficiently high to ensure immediate shipment．(我們必須指出，我們將訂單交給貴公司是因為貴公司向我們保證了交貨的速度，并且現(xiàn)在有足夠的存貨以保證及時交貨。)一句可以判斷，D項為正確答案。
34．答案是B。
細(xì)節(jié)題。文中since we consider there to be only a limited market in this country for watches
of other colours at the present time．(由于我們認(rèn)為本國在這時對另外一種顏色的手表的市場有限，即這些表很難賣出去。)與B項一致，因此B是正確答案。
35．答案是D。
細(xì)節(jié)題。通過文章第四段中的We have also found that an umber of the watches do not
appear to be functioning．Whether the latter problem is due to poor manufactures，damage during
transportation or bad batteries is not yet clear…(我們同時發(fā)現(xiàn)一些手表不能用。不論后面的這個問題是否是由生產(chǎn)不過關(guān)、運(yùn)送過程中的損壞或者電池有問題等原因?qū)е碌�，…�?一句的前后邏輯關(guān)系，我們可以推斷出正確答案是D。
36．答案是A。
句子理解題。由于該手表生產(chǎn)商沒有按照客戶的要求進(jìn)行加工生產(chǎn)，所以客戶可能“被迫”重新考慮和該生產(chǎn)商進(jìn)一步的合作，將中斷訂貨。所以選A。
37．答案是C。
細(xì)節(jié)題。文中第二段末尾有這樣的表述：The fact that the course was substantially different from that promised meant they won their case．(學(xué)校的課程和許諾的內(nèi)容根本不同，使學(xué)生贏得了此案。)所以正確答案是C。
38。答案是A。
細(xì)節(jié)題。文中相關(guān)段落中提示了正確答案，…more students seem to make complaints might
be due simply to the fact that universities are getting better at dealing with them．…Today，most
universitiesobserveacodeofpracticeandcomplaintsaretakenmoreseriously。所以A是正確選項。
39．答案是B。
細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段，“學(xué)生們把自己看成是一個產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)者……他們通常付了費(fèi)，便希望得到他們想得到的東西�！币虼薆是正確的。
40。答案是D。
細(xì)節(jié)題。文中最后一段指出，Promised job opportunities in the industry failed to materialize，aSdidthepromised50percentofpracticalandvocationalwork，and basic tools had not been available．(在該行業(yè)中被承諾的工作機(jī)會沒有落實，承諾的50％的實踐和業(yè)務(wù)工作也沒有實現(xiàn)，同時基本的設(shè)備也沒有兌現(xiàn)。)所以D項是正確的，學(xué)校承諾的是找到實習(xí)工作的機(jī)會。
三、完形填空
41．答案是B。
本題屬同義詞辨析。hurt一般用做不及物動詞，意為“疼”，而用做及物動詞時的意思一般是“傷害某人的情感”；injure指身體上直接受的傷害，如在交通事故中受傷。destroy意為“徹底毀壞，毀滅”。因此，以上三個選項均不符合題意。harm作為及物動詞意為“對……有害”，適合題意。
42．答案是D。
本句的意思是“這并不是說人民將死于饑渴，卻意味著人們用于做飯和飲用的水質(zhì)量很差，使人們得病”。從上下文可知，質(zhì)量差的水既不是對人們“有價值的(valuable)”，也不是“人們想要的(desirable)”。capable一般與of連用，而不用于后置定語。因而D為正確答案，available意為“能夠獲得的”，符合題意。
43．答案是C。
本句中的前后出現(xiàn)兩個require，而且從意義上判斷，該句是對其前后部分進(jìn)行比較，因而Justas(正如)符合題意。As for意為“關(guān)于”；as well as意為“和，此外”；such as意為“比如”，用于舉例。
44．答案是A。
空格后的people為介詞短語without adequate sanitation所修飾的中心語，people without adequate sanitation的意思是“不具備良好的衛(wèi)生條件的人”。結(jié)合選項可知，此處表示這部分人的具體數(shù)量，為特定的數(shù)字，故the number of為正確答案。A number of意為“大量，很多”，number of本身不正確，沒有這個詞組；numerous意為“眾多的，許多的，無數(shù)的”。
45．答案是D。
結(jié)合選項及空格后的statement可知，此處表達(dá)的意思是“聯(lián)合聲明”，為固定搭配：joint statement，故D為正確答案。
46．答案是D。
本題為短語辨析題。關(guān)鍵是正確理解空格所在句子的意思：“兒童缺少飲用水及衛(wèi)生用水，他們的健康和發(fā)育都會 ”空格內(nèi)顯然需要填人一個表示“受到影響或威脅”的詞組，故D為正確答案。其他選項：at a loss意為“不知所措，困惑；虧本”，at all costs意為“不惜一切代價”，at worst意為“最糟糕”，都不符合題意。
47．答案是B。
key to為固定搭配，而且to為介詞，因而后接動名詞，故B為正確答案。
48．答案是A。
本題的關(guān)鍵在于弄清空格所在句子的意義及前后的邏輯關(guān)系<“如果家家戶戶的水龍頭都能流出足夠的水，因而又足夠的水來沖洗抽水馬桶， 相信世界上的淡水供應(yīng)即將消耗待盡”�？崭裰酗@然表達(dá)的是否定的概念，只有A適用。
49．答案是B。
上文說，世界上淡水資源短缺，因而世界上20％的人能夠有足夠的飲用水和衛(wèi)生用水便成為一種奢侈行為。故such后的空格中只能填選項B。其他選項不適用：decoration意為“裝飾”，waste意為“廢物”，recreation意為“娛樂”。
50．答案是C。
從意義與搭配的角度來講，“打水”的英語表達(dá)方法應(yīng)為to fetch water。其他選項：bring意為“帶來”，take意為“帶去”，carry意為“帶、扛、拿、搬”，這三個詞都不適用。
四、英譯漢注釋
1．Green farming，綠色農(nóng)業(yè)
2．To adopt．~．measures，采取……措施
3．To compensate，補(bǔ)償
4．The European Union，歐盟
5．Negative effects，負(fù)效應(yīng)
6．Declines in species diversity，物種多樣性下降
7．disturbance，打擾
8．Common Agriculture Policy，共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策，具體指歐盟國家內(nèi)實行統(tǒng)一的農(nóng)業(yè)政策。
9．Environmentally sensitive，對環(huán)境有積極影響的
10．To meet the intended goals，達(dá)到原定目標(biāo)