本課語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)

　　1.Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that helps memory.

　　research 在本句中做名詞，這個(gè)詞也可以做動(dòng)詞用。請(qǐng)看下面的例句，注意research的詞類和用法：

　　1）An excellent piece of research won him the international prize.（一項(xiàng)出色的研究使他獲得了國(guó)際大獎(jiǎng)。）

　　2）Research shows that the potential of man's brain is limitless.（研究表明人腦的潛力是無(wú)限的。）

　　3）Much research has been done on/into diseases of blood.（在血液病方面人們做了很多的研究。）

　　4）Scientists have been researching on/into the causes of brain damage.（科學(xué)家們一直對(duì)腦損傷的起因進(jìn)行研究。）

　　5）They felt very much disappointed as they had been researching for three years but with no result.（做了三年的研究而沒(méi)有任何結(jié)果，他們感到很失望。）

　　focus on 是一個(gè)常用詞組，意思是“集中”，在生詞部分已作了較為詳細(xì)的講解，在此，請(qǐng)翻譯幾個(gè)句子：

　　1）他今天準(zhǔn)是累了，他無(wú)法把注意力集中在工作上。（He must be very tired today， he just couldn't focus his attention to his work.）

　　2）她覺(jué)得很不自在，因?yàn)樗�有的目光都注視著她。（She felt very uneasy as all eyes were focused on her.）

　　3）這本書(shū)著重談了中東的形勢(shì)。（This book focuses on the situation in the Middle East.）

　　a number of 的意思是“許多”。請(qǐng)看下面的例句，注意a number of 和the number of 的區(qū)別：

　　1）A number of factories have been shut down because of pollution problems.（由于污染問(wèn)題許多工廠被關(guān)閉了。）

　　2）A number of students have handed in their application forms.（許多學(xué)生都遞交了申請(qǐng)表。）

　　3）The number of students in our school increases every year.（我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生人數(shù)每年都在增加。）

　　4）The number of passengers who were injured in the accident is still unknown.（在事故中受傷的乘客人數(shù)還不知道。）

　　2.It is useful to know how these principles work.

　　it 在句中做形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)to know how these principles work，此類結(jié)構(gòu)我們?cè)诘谝缓偷诙�單元已有了解。�?qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）It is necessary to learn how to use the computer.（學(xué)會(huì)如何使用計(jì)算機(jī)很有必要。）

　　2）It is important to find out why the forest fire broke out.（找出森林大火的原因很重要。）

　　3）It is difficult to know what he is thinking about.（要想知道他在想什么很困難。）

　　work 在本句中的意思是“起作用；產(chǎn)生影響”，請(qǐng)翻譯下面的句子：

　　1）The doctor said that the medicine would work.（醫(yī)生說(shuō)藥會(huì)起作用的。）

　　2）They didn't think his plan would work.（他們認(rèn)為他的計(jì)劃行不通。）

　　3）They didn't expect that the teacher’s encouragement would work such a change in him.（他們沒(méi)有料到老師的鼓勵(lì)會(huì)使他產(chǎn)生如此變化。）

　　3.Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels.

　　affect 是動(dòng)詞，意思是“影響”。常常會(huì)有一些英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者把動(dòng)詞affect和名詞effect混淆，請(qǐng)注意下面的句子：

　　1）The drought would surely affect the harvest.（這場(chǎng)干旱肯定會(huì)影響到收成。）

　　2）Excessive smoking affected his health， bad coughs often made it difficult to breathe.（過(guò)度吸煙影響了他的健康，嚴(yán)重的咳嗽使他難以呼吸。）

　　3）Psychologists believe that colors have a definite effect on people.（心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為顏色對(duì)人肯定有影響。）

　　4）We could all see the effects of the illness on him.（我們都能看出那場(chǎng)病在的身上的影響。）

　　5）職務(wù)的變化使他的收入大受影響。（The change in position greatly affected his income.）

　　6） 他的話對(duì)聽(tīng)眾沒(méi)有任何影響作用。（What he said had little effect on the audience.）

　　4.Information that doesn't make any sense to you is difficult to remember.

　　that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾information； 主句是Information is difficult to remember.

　　不定式to remember 用在做表語(yǔ)用的形容詞后面作狀語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）Einstein was easy to get along with.（愛(ài)因斯坦很容易相處。）

　　2）To many foreigners， Chinese is hard to learn.（對(duì)許多外國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)漢語(yǔ)很難學(xué)。）

　　3）The water in this river is not fit to drink.（這條河里的水不適合飲用。）

　　4）This question is very difficult to answer.（這個(gè)問(wèn)題很難回答。）

　　make sense 的意思是“有意義；可理解”。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）No matter how you read it， this sentence doesn't make any sense to me.（無(wú)論你怎么讀，我都不理解這個(gè)句子。）

　　2）What the writer wanted to express in his book doesn't make any sense to the readers.（讀者們無(wú)法理解作者在書(shū)中所要表達(dá)的意思。）

　　3）His explanation makes no sense to his students.（學(xué)生們不理解他的解釋。）

　　5.Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember.

　　動(dòng)詞不定式to remember在句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞ability.請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）You should have confidence in your ability to fulfill the task.（你們應(yīng)對(duì)自己完成認(rèn)務(wù)的能力有信心。）

　　2）He has kept the promise to come early in the morning.（他遵守了一大早來(lái)的諾言。）

　　3）They have the determination to overcome all the difficulties.（他們有克服所有困難的決心。）

　　4）We could see her anxiety to solve the problem.（我們能看出她急于解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。）

　　make a difference 的意思是“有關(guān)系；有影響；起作用”。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）What he said would not make any difference in my decision-making.（他說(shuō)的話不會(huì)對(duì)我做決定產(chǎn)生任何影響。）

　　2）Your participation in the work will make a great difference.（你參與我們的工作，情況就不一樣了。）

　　3）Money won't make much difference to him.（錢對(duì)他起不了多大作用。）

　　4）I didn't like the appearance of the house， but the location and price made all the difference.（我不喜歡那房子的外觀，但它的位置和價(jià)格起了重要作用。）

　　6.Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information.

　　句中的better是副詞well的比較級(jí)形式，意思是“更好地”。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）This story is better written than that one.（這個(gè)故事寫得比那個(gè)好。）

　　2）This room is better furnished than that one.（這間屋子裝飾得比那間好。）

　　3）This team is better trained than that one.（這個(gè)隊(duì)訓(xùn)練得比那個(gè)隊(duì)好。）

　　4）This job is better paid than that one.（這份工作的報(bào)酬比那份高。）

　　information是一個(gè)不可數(shù)名詞，不能在其后加“-s”。請(qǐng)看例句：

　　1）There are many ways of obtaining information.（獲得信息的途徑很多。）

　　2）So far I haven't got any information about the game.（我至今還沒(méi)有得到有關(guān)比賽的任何消息。）

　　3）I am sure this piece of information will be of great value to them.（我肯定這一消息對(duì)他們會(huì)很有價(jià)值。）

　　7.Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information.

　　在第一單元的Text B中我們已經(jīng)對(duì)consist of有所了解。這一詞組的意思是“由…組成”，它與be made up of；be composed of 的意思相近，但consist of 不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。請(qǐng)看例句：

　　1）The United States consists of 50 states.（美國(guó)由50個(gè)州組成。）

　　2）The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.（英國(guó)由大不立顛和北愛(ài)爾蘭組成。）

　　3）Their team is made up of 6 team members.（他們隊(duì)由6名隊(duì)員組成。）

　　4）Our class is made up of 45 students.（我們班由45名同學(xué)組成。）

　　a bit在句中的意思是“一點(diǎn)，一些”，它可以用在形容詞的前面， 但是不能用在名詞的前面。在名詞前面必須用a bit of.請(qǐng)看下面的例句：

　　1）I am a bit tired today.（我今天有點(diǎn)累。）

　　2）He said he was bit hungry.（他說(shuō)他有點(diǎn)餓。）

　　3）Your article is a bit long for our paper. （你的文章對(duì)我們的報(bào)紙來(lái)說(shuō)有點(diǎn)長(zhǎng)了。）

　　4）He gave the bird a bit of water. （他給了鳥(niǎo)兒一點(diǎn)水。）

　　5）I would appreciate it if you could give me a bit of good advice.（如果你能給我一點(diǎn)寶貴建議我會(huì)很感激的。）

　　6） I only know a bit of Spanish. （我只懂一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)西班牙語(yǔ)。）

　　8.Categorizing is another means of organization.

　　句中的means是一個(gè)名詞，意思是“方式；手段”，它不是動(dòng)詞mean的第三人稱單數(shù)。請(qǐng)看下面的例句：

　　1）The quickest means of travel is by plane. （最快的旅行方式是乘飛機(jī)。）

　　2）Bicycle is the most convenient means of transport. （自行車是最方便的交通工具。）

　　3）Email is a modern means of communication. （電子郵件是一種現(xiàn)代通訊方式。）

　　4）He means what he says. （他說(shuō)話算數(shù)。）

　　5）Forgetting the past means betrayal. （忘記過(guò)去就意味著背叛。）

　　9.Many people will group them into similar categories and remember them as follows：

　　group into在句中的意思是“把…分組；把…歸類”。請(qǐng)看例句：

　　1）We can group the animals into several types. （我們可以把這些動(dòng)物歸成幾類。）

　　2）Group the words into similar categories and they will be more easily to remember.（把類型相似的單詞歸類，記起來(lái)就更容易了。）

　　as follows 的意思是“如下”，請(qǐng)看例句：

　　1）The full text reads as follows： （全文如下：）

　　2）The results are as follows： （結(jié)果如下：）

　　10.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it tosomething we remember accurately.

　　refer to這一詞組的意思很多，我們?cè)趩卧~部分已做過(guò)講解。該詞組在本句中的意思是“涉及；指”。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）In the second chapter I will refer to this point again.（在第二章中，我還會(huì)提到這一點(diǎn)的。）

　　2）The numbers in my article refer to the footnotes.（我文章中的數(shù)目字指的是注腳。）

　　3）The author referred to his grandfather several times in his story.（作者在他的故事中幾次提到他的祖父。）

　　we want to remember 和we remember accurately都是省略了that的定語(yǔ)從句，前者修飾material，后者修飾something.請(qǐng)看例句：

　　1）The book you gave me is very interesting.（你給我的那本書(shū)很有趣。）

　　2）The news he told me disturbed all of us greatly.（他告訴我的那個(gè)消息使我們大家深感不安。）

　　3）The information you gathered is of great help to me.（你收集的那些信息對(duì)我很有幫助。）

　　句子中的it指的是the material.relate…to 在句子中的意思是“與…有關(guān)系”，請(qǐng)看例句：

　　1）His talk mainly related to environmental protection.（他的講話主要是關(guān)于環(huán)境保護(hù)的。）

　　2）This regulation relates only to children under 12.（這一規(guī)則僅適用于12歲以下兒童。）

　　11.Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered.

　　striking在句子中做形容詞用，意思是“顯著的，引人注目的”，請(qǐng)看例句：

　　1）They made a striking commercial success within 5 years.（在5年的時(shí)間里，他們?cè)谏虡I(yè)上取得了驚人的成功。）

　　2）Helen's facial features bore a striking resemblance to her mother’s.（海倫的面部特征與她的母親十分相像。）

　　3）I am not sure whether he can make it this time. I just feel he has a striking lack of confidence.（我不能確定他這次能否成功，其只是覺(jué)得他明顯信心不足。）

　　to be remembered不定式的被動(dòng)形式做定語(yǔ)，修飾the items.請(qǐng)看例句：

　　1）There are a lot of things to be done.（有很多事要做。）

　　2）Are you going to the press conference to be held this weekend？（你準(zhǔn)備參加本周末舉行的記者招待會(huì)嗎？）

　　3）This was the first project to be designed John's brother. （這是約翰的哥哥設(shè)計(jì)的第一個(gè)工程。）

　　12.In one study， subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery， while the second group used repetition to learn the words.

　　subject在本句中做名詞用，意思是“受試者，實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象”。Subject這個(gè)詞的詞義很多，請(qǐng)看例句，注意subject的詞義：

　　1）The subject of today's discussion is “Population and Education”。（今天討論的題目是“人口與教育”。）

　　2）The teacher explained in details the subject of the story to the whole class.（老師把故事的主題詳細(xì)講給全班同學(xué)聽(tīng)。）

　　3）How many subjects are you taking this semester？（這學(xué)期你選幾門課？）

　　4）He became the subject for ridicule.（他成了人們?nèi)⌒Φ膶?duì)象。）

　　5）Rabbits and mice are often subjects for medical experiments.（兔和鼠常被用作醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的對(duì)象。）

　　6） He is a Chinese subject.（他是中國(guó)國(guó)民。）

　　7） This sentence doesn't have a subject.（這個(gè)句子沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)。）

　　subject還常常做動(dòng)詞或形容詞用，請(qǐng)看例句：

　　1）The country was once subjected to foreign rule.（這個(gè)國(guó)家曾一度受外國(guó)統(tǒng)治。）

　　2）Taipei was subjected to serious earthquakes last year.（臺(tái)北去年遭受了嚴(yán)重的地震災(zāi)害。）

　　3）We are all subject to the laws of nature.（我們都要受自然規(guī)律的支配。）

　　4）The child is very subject to coughs.（這孩子動(dòng)不動(dòng)就咳嗽。）

　　5）All men are subject to death.（人總有一死。）

　　while 在句子中做連詞用，意思是“而，然而”。while也是一個(gè)多義詞，請(qǐng)注意下面例句中while 的意思：

　　1）Strike while the iron is hot.（趁熱打鐵。）

　　2）He listened to the radio while he was doing his homework.（他一邊聽(tīng)收音機(jī)，一邊做作業(yè)。）

　　3）He is talkative while his twin brother is of few words.（他很健談，而他的孿生兄弟則少言寡語(yǔ)。）

　　4）While the old man is respected， he is not well liked.（這個(gè)老人很受尊敬，但不太受喜歡。）

　　5）You will succeed sooner or later while you don't lose heart.（只要你不失去信心，你遲早會(huì)成功。）

　　using imagery分詞做狀語(yǔ)，表示方式，請(qǐng)看例句：

　　1）They stood there waiting for the bus.

　　2）She had to work standing up.

　　13.Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.

　　劃線部分是該句的主要成分，forming an integrated image動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)，can help做謂語(yǔ)，us to preserve a memory做復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。

　　斜體部分是一個(gè)“with + 名詞 + 過(guò)去分詞”的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，做方式狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)forming an integrated image.

　　不定式與名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，做動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)象在英語(yǔ)中很常見(jiàn)，在前幾講中我們也遇到過(guò)。再請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)例句：

　　1）Would you like Tom to go with you？（你愿意湯姆和你一起去嗎？）

　　2）He wants you to see him in the afternoon.（他想讓你下午去見(jiàn)他。）

　　3）Father encouraged him to study harder.（父親鼓勵(lì)他更加努力學(xué)習(xí)。）

　　4）I will get someone to help you.（我去找個(gè)人來(lái)幫你。）

　　“with + 名詞 + 過(guò)去分詞”的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)在英語(yǔ)中也很常見(jiàn)，請(qǐng)看例句：

　　1）With the problem solved， the plan is going on smoothly.（隨著這個(gè)問(wèn)題的解決，計(jì)劃正順利進(jìn)行。）

　　2）Standing there is a torture to her， with so many eyes fixed on her.（這么多人注視著她，于她而言，站在那兒是一種折磨。）

　　本課主要詞組及句型

　　詞組：

　　1.focus on             2.a number of

　　3.at all levels     4.make sense

　　5.make a difference 6.in random order

　　7.consist of         8.group into

　　9.as follows         10.needless to say

　　11.refer to         12.relate…to

　　13.associate with     14.compare with

　　句型：

　　A.定語(yǔ)從句

　　1）Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that helps memory.

　　2）Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember

　　3）There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful.

　　4）Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information.

　　5）Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately.

　　B. 動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)

　　1）Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information.

　　2）Categorizing is another means of organization.

　　3）Forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.

　　Text B   Short-term Memory

　　短語(yǔ)表達(dá)

　　1.at a later time

　　Go ahead with your work， I will give you a call at a later time.

　　I am not sure if I can remember all this at a later time.

　　2.in contrast （with/to）

　　Helen is very talkative. In contrast， her elder sister is silent.

　　His rudeness was in striking contrast with Jack's thoughtfulness.

　　3.look up

　　I don't remember Tom’s telephone number， will you please look it up in the telephone book for me？

　　Look up the dictionary for the meaning of this new word.

　　4.be unable to

　　I am really sorry that I was unable to give you a call beforehand.

　　He was unable to provide us with more information.

　　5.be released from

　　He was released from prison after he had been kept there for 5 years.

　　He was released from a hospital last week after treatment for a disease.

　　6.be rewarded with

　　The winner was rewarded with gift of fruit and flowers.

　　If the rat could find the right door，it would be rewarded with food.