affixation（詞綴法）

　　1.形容詞后綴 -ful　　　　beautiful，useful，

　　2.形容詞后綴 -ive　　　　impressive

　　3.形容詞后綴 -y　　　 　greasy

　　4.名詞后綴 -ation　　　　combination，formation

　　5.名詞后綴 -ure　　 　　pressure

　　6.名詞后綴 -y　　　  　discovery

　　7.名詞后綴 -er　　　  　traveler，miner

　　8.名詞后綴 -ful　　　 　handful

　　9.副詞后綴 -ly　　　  　finally，probably，immediately，carefully，

　　10.副詞后綴 -ward　　 　upward

　　課文簡(jiǎn)介

　　本課主要介紹了鉆石的特性、形成、分布以及開采方式。讀了本課，你會(huì)了解鉆石的形成與數(shù)百萬(wàn)年前的地殼運(yùn)動(dòng)有關(guān)；你也會(huì)了解深受上至達(dá)官貴人下至普通百姓喜愛的“恒久遠(yuǎn)”的鉆石在剛開采出來(lái)時(shí)并不光彩照人。

　　本課語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)

　　1.They are the hardest substance found in nature.

　　本句中found in nature是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾substance.定語(yǔ)從句中省略了that are.這種省略現(xiàn)象在定語(yǔ)從句中很常見，在前幾個(gè)單元中，我們遇到過(guò)多次。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）There are many books （that） I'd like to read. （有很多書我想看。）

　　2）He is a man （that） we all like and trust. （他是一個(gè)我們大家喜歡和信賴的人。）

　　3）This is the most interesting film （that） I have ever seen. （這是我看過(guò)的最有意思的電影）

　　先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句必須用that引導(dǎo)，而不用which.請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）This is the most beautiful place （that） I have ever visited. （這是我游覽過(guò)的最美麗的地方。）

　　2）This is the most serious problem （that） we have ever met. （這是我們遇到過(guò)的最嚴(yán)重的問題。）

　　3）They are the richest people （that are） living in this area. （他們是住在這一地區(qū)的最富有的人。）

　　本句中的hardest意思為“堅(jiān)硬的”“堅(jiān)固的”，而不是“困難的”。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）This nut is as hard as rock. （這果子硬得像巖石。）

　　2）He found it hard to make friends. （他覺得交朋友很困難。）

　　2.That means a diamond can cut any other surface. And only another diamond can make a slight cut in a diamond.

　　mean是一個(gè)很常見的詞，本句中的意思是“意味著”。mean還有“意欲，企圖，打算”的意思。請(qǐng)看下面的句子，注意mean在各句中的意思和用法：

　　1）What do you mean by saying this to me？ （你對(duì)我說(shuō)這個(gè)是什么意思？）

　　2）Friendship means everything to him. （友誼對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)意味著一切。）

　　3）The teacher's praise meant so much to the children. （老師的表?yè)P(yáng)對(duì)孩子們來(lái)說(shuō)很重要。）

　　4）I'm serious about this. I mean what I say. （我對(duì)此事是認(rèn)真的，我說(shuō)話算數(shù)。）

　　5）I'm sorry， I didn’t mean to hurt you. （對(duì)不起，我無(wú)意傷害你。）

　　6）They meant to finish the work ahead of time. （他們的打算是提前完成這項(xiàng)工作。）

　　7）I meant to call you but I forgot. （我原打算給你打電話的，但我忘記了。）

　　cut在前一個(gè)句子中做動(dòng)詞用，意思是“切割”，在后一個(gè)句子中做名詞用，意思是“切面”。

　　1）Who will cut the ribbon for the exhibition？ （誰(shuí)將為展覽會(huì)剪彩？）

　　2）I am going to have my hair cut today. （今天我要去理發(fā)。）

　　3）The icy wind cut him to the bone. （他感到寒風(fēng)刺骨。）

　　4）The old man is cutting a figure in stone. （那位老人正在雕刻石像。）

　　5）I had some cuts and bruises on my arms， but I'm ok. （我的臂上有些傷口和擦傷，但我沒什么問題。）

　　6）He made a smooth cut on the marble. （他在大理石上留下一個(gè)光滑的切面。）

　　3.Diamonds are made from carbon.

　　由……制成，可以用be made from和be made of兩個(gè)詞組來(lái)表達(dá)。但是be made from通常指制成品已看不出原材料是什么，而be made of可以看出該物品由什么材料制成的。如：

　　1）Paper is made from some plants. （紙是由某些植物制成的。）

　　2）This beer is made from grain. （這種啤酒是用糧食釀制的。）

　　3）The houses were made of brick. （這些房屋是磚造的。）

　　4）This toy is made of cotton. （這個(gè)玩具是布做的。）

　　4.Scientists know that the combination of extreme heat and pressure changes carbon into diamonds.

　　extreme在句中做形容詞用，意思是“極度的”，如：

　　1）Extreme cold can wake a hibernating animal. （極度的寒冷能使正在冬眠的動(dòng)物蘇醒。）

　　2）They will have to endure extreme discomfort in winter. （冬天時(shí)，他們將不得不忍受極度的不適。）

　　change…into意思是“把…轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤�”，如�?/p>

　　1）Water changes into vapour when heated. （水加熱后轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檎魵�。�?/p>

　　2）Go to the bank and you can easily change these dollars into RMB. （你去銀行就能很容易地把這些美元換成人民幣。）

　　5.Such heat and pressure exist only in the hot， liquid mass of molten rock deep inside the earth.

　　請(qǐng)注意such與so之間的不同用法。such后面接名詞，而so后面接形容詞或副詞。如：

　　1）I don't believe he could make such a mistake. （我相信他不會(huì)犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤的。）

　　2）How can you go out on such a rainy day？ （在這樣的雨天里，你怎么能出門？）

　　3）He spoke so fast that I couldn't follow. （他說(shuō)話太快，我聽不懂。）

　　4）I'm so glad you could come. （你能來(lái)我真高興。）

　　mass在本句中的意思是“（聚成一體的）團(tuán)、塊”，比如：

　　1）a mass of hot air（一團(tuán)熱氣）

　　2）a mass of sand（一堆沙）

　　3）Rain occurs when a mass of warm air is laden with water. （一團(tuán)云聚集大量的水蒸氣就形成了雨。）

　　Mass也可以做形容詞用，意思是“群眾的”、“大量的”，如：

　　1）a mass meeting （群眾大會(huì)）

　　2）mass education （大眾教育）

　　3）mass media （大眾傳媒）

　　4）Mass production could very well cut the cost. （大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)可以降低成本。）

　　6.It is thought that millions of years ago this liquid mass pushed upward through cracks in the earth's crust.

　　It is thought that…是一個(gè)很常用的句型，類似的句型在英語(yǔ)中很多，比如：

　　1）It is / was， has been…， reported that…

　　2）It is / was， has been…， stated that…

　　3）It is / was， has been…， pointed out that…

　　4）It is / was， has been…， mentioned that…

　　5）It is / was， has been…， believed that…

　　7.A. There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been formed.

　　B. The first known area was in India， where diamonds were found thousands of years ago.

　　定語(yǔ)從句可分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。A句是限定性定語(yǔ)從句，B句是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。A、B兩句中都是用關(guān)系副詞where來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾表示地點(diǎn)的名詞。請(qǐng)看下面的句子，注意限定性定語(yǔ)從句一般不用逗號(hào)隔開：

　　1）Is there a shop around where we can get some fruit？ （附近有什么商店可以買到水果嗎？）

　　2）This is the place where we met yesterday. （這是我們昨天碰頭的地方。）

　　3）The small town， where he once worked， has turned to be a modern city. （他曾經(jīng)工作過(guò)的那座小城，已經(jīng)變成現(xiàn)代化的城市了。）

　　8.In the 1600's…（十七世紀(jì)）

　　In the 1720's…（十八世紀(jì)二十年代）

　　In the 1800's…（十九世紀(jì)）

　　請(qǐng)注意年代的表達(dá)方法，以上的年代也可以表達(dá)為in the 1600s； in the 1720s； in the 1800s.如果我們要表達(dá)“在十七世紀(jì)初（中、末）期”，則可以說(shuō)in the early（mid， late） 1600's/1600s.

　　9.Diamonds became very popular with the kings and queens of Europe.

　　become / be popular with / among是一個(gè)常用詞組，意思是“受…歡迎”，請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）These Chinese handicrafts are very popular with foreign friends. （這些中國(guó)工藝品很受外國(guó)朋友的喜愛。）

　　2）His novels are popular among young people. （他的小說(shuō)很受年輕人的喜愛。）

　　3）Classical music is popular among more and more people. （古典音樂受到越來(lái)越多的人的喜愛。）

　　10.India's supply of diamonds was finally running out after 2，500 yeas of mining the stones.

　　Supply在句子中做名詞用，意思是“供應(yīng)”。Supply常�？梢宰鰟�(dòng)詞用，意思是“供給，提供”。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）Economic stability can be reached if demand and supply are in balance. （如果供求關(guān)系平衡的話，就能實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的穩(wěn)定。）

　　2）Many materials are in short supply. （許多材料供應(yīng)不足。）

　　3）The increasing world population will put a strain on food supply. （不斷增長(zhǎng)的世界人口將對(duì)糧食供應(yīng)帶來(lái)重負(fù)。）

　　4）You have to supply him with an answer. （你得給他提供一個(gè)答案。）

　　5）Most towns are supplied with tap-water and electricity. （大多數(shù)城鎮(zhèn)都有自來(lái)水和電力供應(yīng)。）

　　run out是一個(gè)常用詞組，意思是“用完，用盡”。請(qǐng)看例句：

　　1）Time is running out. We have to hurry. （時(shí)間快到了，我們得快點(diǎn)。）

　　2）My patience is running out. （我快要耐不住了。）

　　3）His luck seemed to have run out. （他的好運(yùn)似乎結(jié)束了。）

　　我們也可以用run out來(lái)表達(dá)類似的意思，但run out of的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是“某人”。如：

　　1）They have run out of money， so they have to find a job. （他們錢用完了，所以得找一份工作。）

　　2）I have run out of ink. （我的墨水用完了。）

　　11.People would pick up handfuls of gravel from the bottom of the streams and sort out the diamonds.

　　-ful通常加在名詞后面，構(gòu)成形容詞，如care-careful，help-helpful.而本句中的handful是一個(gè)名詞，意思是“一把”，在單詞部分，我們已經(jīng)提到過(guò)，英語(yǔ)中有不少這樣的詞，如：

　　1）He gave me a basketful of beaches. （他給了我滿滿一籃子桃子。）

　　2）She put a spoonful of salt in the soup. （她往湯里撒了滿滿一勺鹽。）

　　3）Tom is carrying an armful of books.（湯姆抱著一捆書。）

　　sort out是一個(gè)常用詞組，意思是“整理，分類”，如：

　　1）Sort out those of bigger size and put them in a box. （把大點(diǎn)的整理出來(lái)，放在盒子里。）

　　2）It took quite a while to sort out all our luggage. （把我們所有的行李整理好花了不少時(shí)間。）

　　bottom在句子中做名詞用，意思是“底部”。bottom還有“盡頭、末端”的意思。請(qǐng)看例句：

　　1）There is some deposit in the bottom of the teapot. （茶壺底部有些沉淀物。）

　　2）At the bottom of the mountain， there is a beautiful village. （在山腳下有個(gè)美麗的村子。）

　　3）I felt grateful to you from the bottom of my heart. （我衷心地感謝你。）

　　4）Bottoms up. （干杯。）

　　12.These diamonds were probably carried from where they were formed to India by great sheets of moving ice that covered parts of the earth 20，000 years ago.

　　where they were formed是where引出的名詞性從句，作介詞from的賓語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）He didn't say anything about where the accident took place. （他對(duì)事故在哪兒發(fā)生的只字未提。）

　　2）She hasn't made up her mind as to where she should go for the holiday. （她還沒有決定到哪兒去度假。）

　　13.It flows over boards thickly coated with grease.

　　在本句中的定語(yǔ)從句thickly coated with greases前面省略了which/that are.coat一般做名詞用，意思是“外套”或“（動(dòng)物的）皮毛”。在本句中coat作動(dòng)詞用，意思是“在…上涂（包）著”，如：

　　1）These pills are coated with sugar. （這些藥丸外面包著糖衣。）

　　2）Don't jump on the bush piles， they are ice-coated and slippery. （不要在灌木堆上跳，上面蓋著冰，很滑。）

　　14.Since diamonds stick to grease， they are left behind by the rocks and mud which flow down the tables.

　　Stick在本句中的意思是“粘住”。Stick to也可以表示“堅(jiān)持，遵守”的意思。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）I'm sure father hasn’t read the book because several pages are stuck together. （我敢肯定父親沒有看過(guò)那本書，因?yàn)橛袔醉?yè)還粘在一起。）

　　2）It's important for nurses to stick to the rules. （對(duì)護(hù)士來(lái)說(shuō)，遵守規(guī)定是很重要的。）

　　3）Stick to your post and make sure everything is ok. （堅(jiān)守你的崗位，確保一切正常。）

　　leave behind在本句中的意思是“留下”，這個(gè)詞組還可以表示“忘帶；把…丟在后面”。例如：

　　1）Take care not to leave anything behind. （小心別丟下任何東西。）

　　2）Look forward to the bright future and leave all your worries and fears behind. （期盼光明的未來(lái)，把所有的擔(dān)心和恐懼拋在身后。）

　　15.Experienced diamond miners can tell a diamond immediately.

　　句子中的tell意思為“判斷；分辨；看出”。如：

　　1）I cannot tell her from her twin sister. （我無(wú)法分辨出她和她的孿生妹妹。）

　　2）Can you tell which is my school-bag？ （你能分辨出哪一個(gè)是我的書包嗎？）

　　3）It is important for you to tell right from wrong. （分辨出正誤很重要。）

　　本課主要詞組及語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn)

　　A. 詞組

　　1.make a cut in sth.　　　　2.change…into

　　3.be made from　　　　 　4.become popular with

　　5.run out　　　　　　  　 6.pick up

　　7.handfuls of　　　　　 　8.sort out

　　9.carry from　　　　　 　10.be coated with

　　11.stick to　　　　　  　 12.leave behind

　　13.tell…（from）　　　 　　14.find out

　　B. 語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn)

　　1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　2.定語(yǔ)從句

　　3.狀語(yǔ)從句

　　4.主語(yǔ)從句

　　Text B  The Difference between Plants and Animals

　　短語(yǔ)表達(dá)

　　1.difference between…and

　　Will you please tell me the difference between a horse and a seahorse？

　　I cannot hear any difference between the American pronunciation and the British pronunciation for this word.

　　2.neither …nor

　　He is not a person to rely on as he is neither honest nor sincere.

　　I have neither seen him nor heard from him since we last met.

　　3.look up

　　Father didn't look up from his book when I entered the sitting room.

　　The little boy didn't dare to look up at his teacher.

　　4.a matter of

　　Everybody would pay some attention to the contest as it is a matter of honor.

　　Don't panic. This is a matter of record and there is nothing to worry about.

　　5.throughout

　　The products of this factory will be supplied to people throughout the country.

　　He said that a person should be honest and upright throughout his life.

　　6.be satisfied with

　　Tom was fully aware of the consequence when his father saw his test paper.

　　The teacher was satisfied with the students' performance.

　　7.take place

　　Great changes have taken place in China in the past 20 years.

　　The accident took place when people were all fast asleep.

　　8.lie in

　　The importance of this book lies in its later influence.

　　The root of all these events lay in history.

　　9.be classed as

　　He was classed as a genius.

　　Some kinds of seaweed are animals but they used to be classed as plants.

　　10.hold good

　　This rule may hold good for you but not for me.

　　His answer doesn't hold good for this specific question.

　　11.live on

　　Cows live on grass.

　　The old man lives on the government pension.

　　12.work wonders

　　I don't think this medicine will work wonders.

　　We didn't think he could pull through this time but he worked wonders again.

　　13.take in

　　Their club took in some new members last week.

　　He took in his guest and offered him a cup of coffee.

　　14.suck up

　　The plants suck up a lot of water.

　　He sucks all the information you gave him.

　　15.take up

　　He took up the newspaper and began to read.

　　She took up English when she was only five.

　　All the window seats had been taken up when I got on the bus.