Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

　　If it were only necessary to decide whether to teach elementary science to everyone on a mass basis or to find the gifted few and take them as far as they can go， our task would be fairly simple. The public school system， however， has no such 1 ， 2 the jobs must be carried 3 at the same time. Because we depend so 4 upon science and technology for our 5， we must produce specialists in many fields. 6 we live in a 7 nation， whose citizens make the policies for the nation， large numbers of us must be educated to understand， to uphold， and 8 necessary， to judge the work of 9. The public school must educate both producers and 10 of scientific services.

　　In education， there should be a good balance 11 the branches of 12 that contribute to effective thinking and 13 judgment. Such balance is defeated by 14 much emphasis on any one field. This 15 of balance involves not only the 16 of the natural sciences， the social sciences and the arts but also relative emphasis among the natural sciences themselves.

　　17， we must have a balance between current and 18 knowledge. The attention of the public is continually drawn to new 19 in scientific fields and the discovery of new knowledge； these should not be allowed to turn our attention away from the sound， established materials that form the basis of 20 for beginners.

　　1.[A] entity　　 [B] auction 　　[C] choice　　 [D] coalition

　　2.[A] whereas 　　[B] though 　　[C] while　　 [D] for

　　3.[A] off 　　[B] forward　　 [C] away 　　[D] on

　　4.[A] substantially 　　[B] heavily 　　[C] equally [　　D] misleadingly

　　5.[A] stimulation　　 [B] shift 　　[C] progress 　　[D] glamour

　　6.[A] If [B] Although　　 [C] Because 　　[D] Supposing

　　7.[A] prosperous 　　[B] democratic 　　[C] literate　　 [D] thriving

　　8.[A] unless 　　[B] in case 　　[C] when 　　[D] only

　　9.[A] experts 　　[B] populace 　　[C] voters　　 [D] mob

　　10.[A] subscribers 　　[B] users　　 [C] passers-by　　 [D] victims

　　11.[A] amid　　 [B] between　　 [C] upon　　 [D] among

　　12.[A] knowledge 　　[B] data　　 [C] intelligence　　 [D] quest

　　13.[A] fair　　 [B] wise　　 [C] risky 　　[D] proper

　　14.[A] too　　 [B] fairly　　 [C] very 　　[D] rather

　　15.[A] incident　　 [B] question　　 [C] inference 　　[D] impact

　　16.[A] reaction 　　[B] cooperation　　 [C] interaction　　 [D] relation

　　17.[A] Conversely 　　[B] Similarly　　 [C] Accordingly 　　[D] Presumably

　　18.[A] primitive　　 [B] ultimate 　　[C] classical　　 [D] initial

　　19.[A] possibilities 　　[B] capabilities　　 [C] abilities　　 [D] responsibilities

　　20.[A] grounds　　 [B] courses 　　[C] doctrines 　　[D] quotas

　　SectionⅡReading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions： Reading the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）

　　Text 1

　　In the next century we‘ll be able to alter our DNA radically， encoding our visions and vanities while concocting new life-forms. When Dr. Frankenstein made his monster， he wrestled with the moral issue of whether he should allow it to reproduce，“Had I the right， for my own benefit， to inflict the curse upon everlasting generations？”Will such questions require us to develop new moral philosophies？

　　Probably not. Instead， we‘ll reach again for a time�瞭ested moral concept， one sometimes called the Golden Rule and which Kant， the millennium’s most prudent moralist， conjured up into a categorical imperative： Do unto others as you would have them do unto you； treat each person as an individual rather than as a means to some end.

　　Under this moral precept we should recoil at human cloning， because it inevitably entails using humans as means to other humans‘ends and valuing them as copies of others we loved or as collections of body parts， not as individuals in their own right. We should also draw a line， however fuzzy， that would permit using genetic engineering to cure diseases and disabilities but not to change the personal attributes that make someone an individual （IQ， physical appearance， gender and sexuality）。

　　The biotech age will also give us more reason to guard our personal privacy. Aldous Huxley in Brave New World， got it wrong： rather than centralizing power in the hands of the state， DNA technology has empowered individuals and families. But the state will have an important role， making sure that no one， including insurance companies， can look at our genetic data without our permission or use it to discriminate against us.

　　Then we can get ready for the breakthroughs that could come at the end of the next century and the technology is comparable to mapping our genes： plotting the 10 billion or more neurons of our brain. With that information we might someday be able to create artificial intelligences that think and experience consciousness in ways that are indistinguishable from a human brain. Eventually we might be able to replicate our own minds in a“dry�瞱are”machine， so that we could live on without the“wet�瞱are”of a biological brain and body. The 20th century‘s revolution in infotechnology will thereby merge with the 21st century’s revolution in biotechnology. But this is science fiction. Let‘s turn the page now and get back to real science.

　　21.Dr. Frankenstein‘s remarks are mentioned in the text

　　[A] to give an episode of the DNA technological breakthroughs.

　　[B] to highlight the importance of a means to some everlasting ends.

　　[C] to show how he created a new form of life a thousand years ago.

　　[D] to introduce the topic of moral philosophies incurred in biotechnology.

　　22.It can be concluded from the text that the technology of human cloning should be employed

　　[A] excessively and extravagantly. 　　　　[B] reasonably and cautiously.

　　[C] aggressively and indiscriminately. 　　　[D] openly and enthusiastically.

　　23.From the text， we learn that Aldous Huxley is of the opinion that

　　[A] DNA technology should be placed in the charge of individuals.

　　[B] government should assume less control over individuals.

　　[C] people need government to protect their DNA information.

　　[D] old moral precepts should be abolished on human cloning.

　　24.Judged from the information in the last paragraph， we can predict that the author is likely to write which of the following in the next section？

　　[A] The reflection upon biotechnological morality.

　　[B] The offensive invasion of our personal privacy.

　　[C] The inevitable change of IQs for our descendants.

　　[D] The present state of biotechnological research.

　　25.According to the last paragraph，“dry-ware”is to“wet-ware”as

　　[A]“collective”to“individual”�！　� 　[B]“fictional”to“factual”。

　　[C]“mechanical”to“corporeal”。 　　[D]“temporary”to“permanent”。

　　Text 2

　　Before a big exam， a sound night‘s sleep will do you more good than poring over textbooks. That， at least， is the folk wisdom. And science， in the form of behavioral psychology， supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form. The other says that they are actually formed during the day， but then“edited”at night， to flush away what is superfluous.

　　To tell the difference， it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person， and that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work， a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it. The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested in is rapid eye movement （REM） sleep， when brain and body are active， heart rate and blood pressure increase， the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie， and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams.

　　Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day， and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible， in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt how to do this， their response times got faster. What they did not know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a pattern—what is referred to as“artificial grammar”。 Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was not.

　　What is more， those with more to learn （i.e.， the“grammar”， as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button） have more active brains. The“editing”theory would not predict that， since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case. And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjects were learning as opposed to unlearning， their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep.

　　The team， therefore， concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep， particularly if the brain detects an inherent structure in the material being learnt. So now， on the eve of that crucial test， maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.

　　26.Researchers in behavioral psychology are divided with regard to

　　[A] how dreams are modified in their courses.

　　[B] the difference between sleep and wakefulness.

　　[C] why sleep is of great benefit to memory.

　　 [D] the functions of a good night‘s sleep.

　　27.As manifested in the experimental study， rapid eye movement is characterized by

　　[A] intensely active brainwave traces.　　 [B] subjects‘quicker response times.

　　[C] complicated memory patterns. 　　　[D] revival of events in the previous day.

　　28.By referring to the artificial grammar， the author intends to show

　　[A] its significance in the study. 　　[B] an inherent pattern being learnt.

　　[C] its resemblance to the lights.　　 [D] the importance of night‘s sleep.

　　29.In their study， researchers led by Pierre Maquet took advantage of the technique of

　　[A] exposing a long-held folk wisdom. 　　[B] clarifying the predictions on dreams.

　　[C] making contrasts and comparisons. 　　[D] correlating effects with their causes.

　　30.What advice might Maquet give to those who have a crucial test the next day？

　　[A] Memorizing grammar with great efforts.

　　[B] Study textbooks with close attention.

　　[C] Have their brain images recorded.

　　[D] Enjoy their sleep at night soundly.

　　Text 3

　　This line of inquiry did not begin until earlier this month—more than three months after the accident—because there were“too many emotions， too many egos，”said retired Adm. Harold Gehman， chairman of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board.

　　Testifying before the Senate Commerce Committee， Gehman said this part of his inquiry was in its earliest stages， starting just 10 days ago. But Gehman said he already has concluded it is“inconceivable”that NASA would have been unable or unwilling to attempt a rescue for astronauts in orbit if senior shuttle managers and administrators had known there was fatal damage to Columbia‘s left wing.

　　Gehman told reporters after the hearing that answers to these important questions could have enormous impact， since they could place in a different context NASA‘s decisions against more aggressively checking possible wing damage in the days before Columbia’s fatal return.

　　Investigators believe breakaway insulating foam damaged part of Columbia‘s wing shortly after lift�瞣ff， allowing superheated air to penetrate the wing during its fiery re�瞖ntry on Feb.1， melt it from inside.

　　Among those decisions was the choice by NASA‘s senior shuttle managers and administrators to reject offers of satellite images of possible damage to Columbia’s left wing before the accident. The subject dominated the early part of Wednesday‘s hearing.

　　Gehman complained managers and administrators“missed signals”when they rejected those offers for images， a pointedly harsh assessment of the space agency‘s inaction during the 16-day shuttle mission.

　　“We will attempt to pin this issue down in our report， but there were a number of bureaucratic and administrative missed signals here，”Gehman told senators.“We‘re not quite so happy with the process.”

　　The investigative board already had recommended that NASA push for better coordination between the space agency and military offices in charge of satellites and telescopes. The U.S. National Imagery and Mapping Agency in March agreed to regularly capture detailed satellite images of space shuttles in orbit.

　　Still， Gehman said it was unclear whether even images from America‘s most sophisticated spy satellites might have detected on Columbia’s wing any damage， which Gehman said could have been as small as two inches square. The precise capabilities of such satellites proved to be a sensitive topic during the Senate hearing.

　　31.This text is most probably taken from an article entitled“　”。

　　[A] Gehman‘s Comments on Columbia Accident.

　　[B] An Inquiry into Columbia Accident.

　　[C] Shedding Light on Shuttle‘s Safety.

　　[D] NASA’s Problems Being Exposed.

　　32.The word“they”in the sentence“since they could place”（Para.3） denotes

　　[A]“damages”。 　　[B]“answers”。　　 [C]“decisions”。　　 [D]“questions”。

　　33.According to the writer， what may chiefly be responsible for the Columbia accident？

　　[A] A supposed damage to the left wing of the spacecraft.

　　[B] The deliberate rejection of satellite images.

　　[C] A sense of sentiment and arrogance involved.

　　[D] The space agency‘s inaction during its mission.

　　34.As mentioned in the text， the Wednesday‘s hearing revolved around

　　[A] the precise capabilities of spy satellites in orbit.

　　[B] NASA‘s indecisions against checking upon the Columbia.

　　[C] NASA‘s rejection of satellite images offered.

　　[D] the coordination between NASA and military offices.

　　35.Which of the following can best describe Gehman‘s attitude towards satellite images？

　　[A] Apprehensive. 　　[B] Credulous. 　　[C] Indifferent. 　　[D] Cautious.

　　Text 4

　　When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace， scientists immediately get to work， trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes， success is achieved， as medical science is able to isolate the parasite， germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases， in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk， it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination， so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.

　　The process of vaccination allows the patient‘s body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that， if it is encountered， one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this， a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment， so that his body’s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease‘s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient’s immune system in a process that occurs naturally， in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that， should the patient later come into contact with the real problem， his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it， having already done so before.

　　There are dangers inherent in the process， however. On occasion， even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle， resulting in the immune system succumbing， and， therefore， the patient‘s death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine， designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10，000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus， if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today， 3000 Americans would be left dead.

　　Fortunately， the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970‘s， ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the disease， however， mandatory vaccinations may resume， resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process， which is truly a mixed blessing， may indeed hide some hidden curses.

　　36.The best title for the text may be

　　[A]“Vaccinations： A Blessing or A Curse.”

　　[B]“Principles of Vaccinations.”

　　[C]“Vaccines： Methods and Implications.”

　　[D]“A Miracle Cure Under Attack.”

　　37.What does the example of the Smallpox Vaccine illustrate？

　　[A] The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.

　　[B] The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.

　　[C] The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain disease.

　　[D] The method by which vaccines are employed against the disease.

　　38.The phrase“ward it off naturally”（Paragraph 2） most probably means

　　[A] dispose of it naturally. 　　[B] fight it off with ease.

　　[C] see to it reluctantly. 　　　[D] split it up properly.

　　39.Which of the following is true according to the text？

　　[A] Saving the majority would necessarily justify the death of the minority.

　　[B] The immune system can be trained to fight weaker versions of a disease.

　　[C] Mandatory vaccinations are indispensable to the survival of the populace.

　　[D] The process of vaccination remains a mystery to be further resolved.

　　40.The purpose of the author in writing this passage is

　　[A] to comment and criticize. 　　 [B] to demonstrate and argue.

　　[C] to interest and entertain.　　　 [D] to explain and inform.

　　Part B

　　本部分內(nèi)容請(qǐng)參見(jiàn)Part B（二）

　　Part C

　　Directions：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）

　　The old adage of the title has a parallel in the scientific world“all research leads to biomedical advances”。 The fact that research in one discipline contributes to another is well understood by the scientific community. It is not， however， so clear to the public or to public policy-makers. （46） Because public support for funding of biomedical research is strong， the scientific community could build a more effective case for public support of all science by articulating how research in other disciplines benefits biological medicine.

　　The time is ripe to improve public appreciation of science. A recent National Science Foundation survey suggested that Americans continue to support research expenditures. In addition， public opinion polls indicate that scientists and science leaders enjoy enviably high public esteems. （47） Instead of lamenting the lack of public understanding of science， we can work to enhance public appreciation of scientific research by showing how investigations are in many areas close-knit and contribute to biomedical advances. A crucial task is to convey to the public， in easily understood terms， the specific benefits and the overall good that result from research in all areas of science.

　　Take， for example， agricultural research. （48） On the surface， it may appear to have made few significant contributions to biomedical advances， except those directly related to human nutrition. This view is incorrect， however. In the case of nutrition， the connections between agricultural and biomedical research are best exemplified by the vitamin discoveries. （49） At the turn of the century， when the concept of vitamins had not yet surfaced and nutrition as a scientific discipline did not exist， it was in a department of agricultural chemistry that the first true demonstration of vitamins was made. Single-grain feeding experiments documented the roles of vitamins A and B. The essential role of some minerals （iron and copper） was shown later， and these discoveries provided the basis of modern human nutrition research.

　�。�50） Despite such direct links， however， it is the latest discoveries that have been made in agricultural research that reveal its true importance to biomedicine. Life-saving antibiotics such as streptomycin were discovered in soil microorganisms. The first embryo transplant was made in a dairy cow， and related research led to advances in the understanding of human reproduction.

　　SectionⅢWriting

　　Part A

　　51.

　　Direction：Yesterday you learnt in a newspaper advertisement that there is a job vacancy in a foreign-owned company. A secretary for the manager is needed. Write a letter to its personnel department， and

　　1） show your desire for the position，

　　2） describe your experience�瞨elated abilities，

　　3） and express your wish for a job interview.

　　Part B

　　52.

　　Direction：

　　Good Neighbors

　　A. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 200 words.

　　B. Your essay must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

　　C. Your essay should meet the requirements below：

　　1） describe the cartoon，

　　2） and point out its implications in our life.

　　Part B （二）

　　Sample One

　　Directions：In the following text， some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45， choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices， which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

　　As more and more material from other cultures became available， European scholars came to recognize even greater complexity in mythological traditions. Especially valuable was the evidence provided by ancient Indian and Iranian texts such as the Bhagavad-Gita and the Zend-A-vesta. From these sources it became apparent that the character of myths varied widely， not only by geographical region but also by historical period. （41） . He argued that the relatively simple Greek myth of Persephone reflects the concerns of a basic agricultural community， whereas the more involved and complex myths found later in Homer are the product of a more developed society.

　　Scholars also attempted to tie various myths of the world together in some way. From the late 18th century through the early 19th century， the comparative study of languages had led to the reconstruction of a hypothetical parent language to account for striking similarities among the various languages of Europe and the Near East. These languages， scholars concluded， belonged to an Indo-European language family. Experts on mythology likewise searched for a parent mythology that presumably stood behind the mythologies of all the European peoples. （42） . For example， an expression like“maiden dawn”for“sunrise”resulted first in personification of the dawn， and then in myths about her.

　　Later in the 19th century the theory of evolution put forward by English naturalist Charles Darwin heavily influenced the study of mythology. Scholars researched on the history of mythology， much as they would dig fossil-bearing geological formations， for remains from the distant past. （43） . Similarly， British anthropologist Sir James George Frazer proposed a three-stage evolutionary scheme in The Golden Bough. According to Frazer‘s scheme， human beings first attributed natural phenomena to arbitrary supernatural forces （ magic）， later explaining them as the will of the gods （religion）， and finally subjecting them to rational investigation （science）。

　　The research of British scholar William Robertson Smith， published in Lectures on the Religion of the Semites （1889）， also influenced Frazer. Through Smith‘s work， Frazer came to believe that many myths had their origin in the ritual practices of ancient agricultural peoples， for whom the annual cycles of vegetation were of central importance. （44） . This approach reached its most extreme form in the so-called functionalism of British anthropologist A. R. Radcliffe-Brown， who held that every myth implies a ritual， and every ritual implies a myth.

　　Most analyses of myths in the 18th and 19th centuries showed a tendency to reduce myths to some essential core-whether the seasonal cycles of nature， historical circumstances， or ritual. That core supposedly remained once the fanciful elements of the narratives had been stripped away. In the 20th century， investigators began to pay closer attention to the content of the narratives themselves. （45） .

　　[A] German-born British scholar Max Muller concluded that the Rig-Veda of ancient India—the oldest preserved body of literature written in an Indo-European language—reflected the earliest stages of an Indo-European mythology. Muller attributed all later myths to misunderstandings that arose from the picturesque terms in which early peoples described natural phenomena.

　　[B] The myth and ritual theory， as this approach came to be called， was developed most fully by British scholar Jan Ellen Harrison. Using insight gained from the work of French sociologist Emile Durkheim， Harrison argued that all myths have their origin in collective rituals of a society.

　　[C] Austrian psycho-analyst Sigmund Freud held that myths—like dreams—condense the material of experience and represent it in symbols.

　　[D] This approach can be seen in the work of British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor. In Primitive Culture （1871）， Tylor organized the religious and philosophical development of humanity into separate and distinct evolutionary stages.

　　[E] The studies made in this period were consolidated in the work of German scholar Christian Gottlob Heyne， who was the first scholar to use the Latin term myths （ instead of fabular ， meaning“fable”） to refer to the tales of heroes and gods.

　　[F] German scholar Karl Offried Muller followed this line of inquiry in his Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology， 1825.

　　Sample Two

　　Directions：The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45， you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

　　[A] These issues cut right across traditional religious dogma. Many people cling to the belief that the origin of life required a unique divine act. But if life on Earth is not unique， the case for a miraculous origin would be undermined. The discovery of even a humble bacterium on Mars， if it could be shown to have arisen independently from Earth life would support the view that life emerges naturally.

　　[B] Contrary to popular belief， speculation that we are not alone in the universe is as old as philosophy itself. The essential steps in the reasoning were based on the atomic theory of the ancient Greek philosopher Democritus. First， the laws of nature are universal. Second， there is nothing special or privileged about Earth. Finally， if something is possible， nature tends to make it happen. Philosophy is one thing， filling in the physical details is another. Although astronomers increasingly suspect that bio-friendly planets may be abundant in the universe， the chemical steps leading to life remain largely mysterious.

　　[C] There is， however， a contrary view—one that is gaining strength and directly challenges orthodox biology. It is that complexity can emerge spontaneously through a process of self�瞣rganization. If matter and energy have an inbuilt tendency to amplify and channel organized complexity， the odds against the formation of life and the subsequent evolution of intelligence could be drastically shortened. The relevance of self-organization to biology remains hotly debated. It suggests， however， that although the universe as a whole may be dying， an opposite， progressive trend may also exist as a fundamental property of nature. The emergence of extraterrestrial life， particularly intelligent life， is a key test for these rival paradigms.

　　[D] Similar reasoning applies to evolution. According to the orthodox view， Darwinian selection is utterly blind. Any impression that the transition from microbes to man represents progress is pure chauvinism of our part. The path of evolution is merely a random walk through the realm of possibilities. If this is right， there can be no directionality， no innate drive forward； in particular， no push toward consciousness and intelligence. Should Earth be struck by an asteroid， destroying all higher life-forms， intelligent beings， still less humanoids， would almost certainly not arise next time around.

　　[E] Traditionally， biologists believed that life is a freak—the result of a zillion-to-one accidental concatenation of molecules. It follows that the likelihood of its happening again elsewhere in the cosmos is infinitesimal. This viewpoint derives from the second law of thermodynamics， which predicts that the universe is dying-slowly and inexorably degenerating toward a state of total chaos. Life stumbles across this trend only because it is a pure statistical luck.

　　[F] Historically， the Roman Catholic church regarded any discussion of alien life as heresy. Speculating about other inhabited worlds was one reason philosopher Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake in 1600. Belief that mankind has a special relationship with God is central to the monotheistic religions. The existence of alien beings， especially if they were further advanced than humans intellectually and spiritually， would disrupt this cozy view.

　　[G] The discovery of life beyond earth would transform not only our science but also our religions， our belief systems and our entire world view. For in a sense， the search for extraterrestrial life is really a search for ourselves—who we are and what our place is in the grand sweep of the cosmos.

　　Order：

　　G 41 42 43 44 45 F

　　Sample Three

　　Direction：You are going to read a text about the season for relief， followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading （41-45）。 There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

　　Winter‘s harsh weather， shorter hours of daylight and family demands can all aggravate feelings of stress. According to Dr. Paul Rosch， president of the American Institute of Stress， one Midwestern headache clinic reported that complaints of tension and migraine headaches increased 40 percent from Thanksgiving to Christmas， compared with other six�瞱eek periods during the year.

　　Many physicians are now trained in techniques to relieve tension and stress. But which strategies do they themselves use？ Here top health professionals reveal their favorite stressbusters. Six in all， they are：

　　（41） Soothe with food. When nutritional biochemist Judith Wurtman is stressed out， she does what a lot of people do this time of year： she reaches for food. But in her case， it‘s a healthy rice cake or two.

　�。�42） Run from your problem. Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper handles his own stress with a daily after�瞱ork run.

　�。�43） Check your perspective. Driving in for a busy day as a MayoClinic stress-management expert， psychologist John Taylor saw the oil-maintenance light pop on in his minivan. He faced a nonstop schedule of patients and had to pick up his three-year-old after work.“I felt myself tense up，”recalls Taylor， who then tried his quick stress-busting strategy. He asked himself， Is this a matter of life or death？ No. The oil could safely be changed the next week.

　�。�44） Look to the light side. On his way to the hospital where his father was to undergo surgery， author and educator Joel Goodman shared a hotel courtesy van with the anxious relatives of several patients. The driver began telling his stressed-out passengers a few jokes.“Then he did some magic tricks that had my mother and me laughing，”Goodman says.“In that five-minute ride he taught us that humor can relieve our stress.”The surgery was successful.

　　（45） Take a timeout. A major cause of anxiety is an overloaded schedule. It‘s one source of stress you can ward off by preparing ahead.

　　Say a little prayer. Psychologist and medical scientist Joan Bprysenko of Boulder， Colo.， maintains that since most people spend too much time agonizing over the past or worrying about the future， the key to lessening stress is learning how to live emotionally in the present.

　　“It helps to have some ritual to do this，”says Borysenko. For her the most relaxing ritual is“each morning when I pray.”Prayer has been shown to reduce the impact of stress hormones such as noradrenaline and adrenaline.

　　But remember， says Borysenko， doctors can‘t turn on their patient’“internal healing system”。 That inner clam is up to you. So you‘re sick of stress， heal thyself.

　　[A] Williams counts himself among the 20 percent of adults whose susceptibility to anger is high enough to threaten their health. But everyone can try his approach to handling the stressors that set anger off—and it needn‘t be in a work environment.

　　[B]“Aerobic exercise is the best way to dissipate stress and make the transition into family time，”says the expert. But， he cautions， don‘t let exercise itself become a stress. Even moderate activity—such as a daily 30 minute walk can improve health and mood.“That’s why I tell my patients to be sure to walk their dog every day，”he says with a chuckle，“even if they don‘t have one.”

　　[C]“My research suggests that carbohydrates raise levels of the mood-regulating brain chemical serotonin， which exerts a calming effect on the entire body，”says the M.I.T research scientist.“So symptoms of stress—such as anger， tension， irritability and inability to concentrate—are eased.”

　　[D] He tells patients to do only those tasks that would have serious consequences if left undone.“Will you die if you don‘t do the laundry？”he asks. Taking at least half an hour a day to do something you enjoy， he notes， lets you recharge you batteries. Especially around the holidays， skip some routine chores to make time for family and friends.

　　[E] When cardiologist Ray Rosenman was associate chief of medicine at San Francisco‘s Mount Zion Hospital， he would block off half an hour a day on his schedule.“If an emergency came up， I moved patients into that slot，”says Rosenman， co-author of Type A Behavior and Your Heart.“Or used that half-hour to return calls or go through my mail. You can’t control everything， but you can control your schedule to create some breathing space for yourself.”

　　[F] He was so moved by his experience that he researched laughter‘s power.“A good laugh relaxes muscles， lowers blood pressure， suppresses stress-related hormones and enhances the immune system，”he says. In his workshops he tells clients to ask themselves how their favorite comedian would see this stressful situation.

　　Sample Four

　　Directions：You are going to read a list of headings and a text about explorations into maple lores. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A－F for each numbered paragraph （41－45）。 The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

　　[A] The influence of maples on the Canadian culture.

　　[B] The token of maples in Canada.

　　[C] Contemplation of global distribution of maples.

　　[D] The triumph of Nokomis over the devils with the help of maples.

　　[E] The popularity of the maple in a favorite myth.

　　[F] The maple signals the approach of fall.

　　The maple smoke of autumn bonfires is incense to Canadians. Bestowing perfume for the nose， color for the eye， sweetness for the spring tongue， the sugar maple prompts this sharing of a favorite myth and original etymology of the word maple.

　　41

　　The maple looms large in Ojibwa folk tales. The time of year for sugaring�瞣ff is“in the Maple Moon.”Among Ojibwa， the primordial female figure is Nokomis， a wise grandmother. In one tale about seasonal change， cannibal wendigos-creatures of evil—chased old Nokomis through the autumn countryside. Wendigos throve in icy cold. When they entered the bodies of humans， the human heart froze solid. Here wendigos represent oncoming winter. They were hunting to kill and eat poor Nokomis， the warm embodiment of female fecundity who， like the summer， has grown old.

　　42

　　Knowing this was a pursuit to the death， Nokomis outsmarted the cold devils. She hid in a stand of maple trees， all red and orange and deep yellow. This maple grove grew beside a waterfall whose mist blurred the trees‘outline. As they peered through the mist， slavering wendigos thought they saw a raging fire in which their prey was burning. But it was only old Nokomis being hidden by the bright red leaves of her friends， the maples. And so， drooling ice and huffing frost， the wendigos left her and sought easier prey. For their service in saving the earth mother’s life， these maples were given a special gift： their water of life would be forever sweet， and Canadians would tap it for nourishment.

　　43

　　Maple and its syrup flow sweetly into Canadian humor. Quebeckers have the standard sirop d‘erable for maple syrup， but add a feisty insult to label imitation syrups that are thick with glucose glop. They call this sugary imposter sirop de Poteau“telephone�瞤ole syrup”or dead tree syrup.

　　44

　　The contention that maple syrup is unique to North America is suspect， I believe. China has close to 10 species of maple， more than any country in the world. Canada has 10 native species. North America does happen to be home to the sugar maple， the species that produces the sweetest sap and the most abundant flow. But are we to believe that in thousands of years of Chinese history， these inventive people never tapped a maple to taste its sap？ I speculate that they did. Could Proto-Americas who crossed the Bering land bridge to populate the Americas have brought with them a knowledge of maple syrup？ Is there a very old Chinese phrase for maple syrup？ Is maple syrup mentioned in Chinese literature？ For a non-reader of Chinese， such questions are daunting but not impossible to answer.

　　45

　　What is certain is the maple‘s holdfast on our national imagination. Its leaf was adopted as an emblem in New France as early as 1700， and in English Canada by the mid-19th century. In the fall of 1867， a Toronto schoolteacher named Alexander Muir was traipsing a street at the city， all squelchy underfoot from the soft felt of falling leaves， when a maple leaf alighted to his coat sleeve and stuck there. At home that evening， he wrote a poem and set it to music， in celebration of Canada’s Confederation. Muir‘s song，“The Maple Leaf Forever，”was wildly popular and helped fasten the symbol firmly to Canada.

　　The word“maple”is from“mapeltreow”， the Old English term for maple tree， with“mapl”—as its Proto�睪ermanic root， a compound in which the first“m”—is， I believe， the nearly worldwide“ma”， one of the first human sounds， the pursing of a baby‘s lips as it prepares to suck milk from mother’s breast. The“ma”root gives rise in many world languages to thousands of words like“mama”，“mammary”，“maia”， and“Amazon.”Here it would make“mapl�病眒ean“nourishing mother tree，”that is， tree whose maple sap in nourishing. The second part of the compound，“apl�病�， is a variant of Indo�睧uropean able“fruit of any tree”and the origin of another English fruit word， apple. So the primitive analogy compares the liquid sap with another nourishing liquid， mother‘s milk.

　SectionⅠUse of English

　　篇章導(dǎo)讀

　　本文是一篇論說(shuō)文。文章的主題是“英才通才教育”。作者在文章開(kāi)頭就提出了一個(gè)具有選擇性的問(wèn)題：“如果我們只是需要決定是把基本的科學(xué)傳授給每個(gè)人，還是找一些有才華的人，引領(lǐng)他們變得更出色，那么我們的工作將會(huì)相當(dāng)容易�！彪S后作者從“the education in public school， the balance among the branches of knowledge and the balance between current and classical knowledge”三個(gè)方面來(lái)論述在教育中保持知識(shí)平衡的重要性。解讀文章時(shí)注意作者的客觀態(tài)度。

　　思路解析

　　1「答案」[C]

　　「解析」“選擇”。根據(jù)文章一致性原則，“choice”與文章第一句中的“decide決定”形成呼應(yīng)，根據(jù)原文“decide whether……or……”所以下文就應(yīng)該是對(duì)其有所“選擇choice”或沒(méi)有“選擇choice”。而選項(xiàng)[A]“（與屬性區(qū)別的）本質(zhì)：the entity of justice正義的本質(zhì)”，[B]“拍賣；（某些紙牌戲中的）叫牌；叫牌階段”，[D]“結(jié)合體，聯(lián)合；（政黨、個(gè)人、國(guó)家等）臨時(shí)結(jié)成的聯(lián)盟”是本題的干擾，均不形成呼應(yīng)，不符合題意。

　　2「答案」[D]

　　「解析」“因?yàn)椤薄！癴or”與文章第一段第三句中的“Because we depend……”構(gòu)成搭配，均表示解釋原因。而選項(xiàng)[A][B][C]均不用于解釋原因，不符合原文意思。

　　3「答案」[D]

　　「解析」“堅(jiān)持下去；繼續(xù)下去”�！癱arry on”與原文中的“at the same time同時(shí)”是一種搭配，而且根據(jù)原文意思：“由于這種工作必須同時(shí)繼續(xù)下去”，所以選擇“carry on”。而選項(xiàng)[A]“carry off拿走，搬走；抓走；奪走；致……死亡”，[B]“carry forward推進(jìn)，使前進(jìn)”，[C]“carry away拿走，搬走；搶走；沖走，卷走；使激動(dòng)而失去自制力；吸引住”均不符合題意。

　　4「答案」[B]

　　「解析」“大量地”。根據(jù)原文意思：“因?yàn)闉榱宋覀兊陌l(fā)展，我們大量地依據(jù)科學(xué)和技術(shù)，所以必須培養(yǎng)出許多領(lǐng)域里的專家�！�，所以選擇“heavily”。而選項(xiàng)[A]“substantially實(shí)際上；大體上；實(shí)質(zhì)上”，[C]“equally相等地；同樣地”，[D]“misleadingly誤解地”均不符合題意。

　　5「答案」[C]

　　「解析」“進(jìn)步；發(fā)展；進(jìn)展”。根據(jù)文章的一致性，“progress”與上文的“as far as they can go”構(gòu)成呼應(yīng)。而選項(xiàng)[A]“刺激；鼓舞；激勵(lì)”，[B]“轉(zhuǎn)換，轉(zhuǎn)變；（輪）班，（換）班”，[D]“魔力；魔法；魅力”均不構(gòu)成呼應(yīng)，不符合題意。

　　6「答案」[C]

　　「解析」“因?yàn)椤�。根�?jù)文章的一致性，“because”與上句的“Because we depend……”形成句子結(jié)構(gòu)的一致性。而選項(xiàng)[A][B][D]均不構(gòu)成句子的一致性，不符合題意。

　　7「答案」[B]

　　「解析」“民主主義的；民主政體的；平民的”。根據(jù)文章一致性原則，“democratic”與“whose citizens”形成一種照應(yīng)。而選項(xiàng)[A]“繁榮的；富裕的；興旺的”，[C]“受過(guò)教育的；有學(xué)識(shí)的”，[D]“興隆的；興旺的；繁榮的”均不構(gòu)成呼應(yīng)，不符合題意。

　　8「答案」[C]

　　「解析」“when”。根據(jù)原文，在文章開(kāi)頭作者就用假設(shè)的手法提出了問(wèn)題“if……whether……or”，而“when”表達(dá)的是對(duì)可能出現(xiàn)的某種情況的回答，即對(duì)“if”的假設(shè)問(wèn)題的回答，所以選擇“when”。而選項(xiàng)[A]“unless除非；除外”，[B]“in case萬(wàn)一”，[D]“only僅僅”均不符合題意。

　　9「答案」[A]

　　「解析」“專家”。根據(jù)文章一致性原則，“experts”與“specialists專家”構(gòu)成一致性。而選項(xiàng)[B]“平民；民眾；老百姓”與文章意思相反，[C]“選舉人；投票者；有投票權(quán)者”，[D]“暴民；暴徒”是本題的干擾，均不符合題意。

　　10「答案」[B]

　　「解析」“用戶；使用者”。根據(jù)文章一致性，“users”與原文第一句中的“a mass basis”形成呼應(yīng)，而且“users使用者”與原文中的“producers生產(chǎn)者”形成一種搭配。而選項(xiàng)[A]“購(gòu)者；訂閱者”，[C]“過(guò)路人；路人”，[D]“受害者；犧牲品”均不形成一致性，不符合題意。

　　11「答案」[D]

　　「解析」“在（三者或三者以上）……之間”。根據(jù)上下文，上文提到的“science and technology”、“in many fields”以及下文的“the branches of”可知應(yīng)填入“among”。而選項(xiàng)[A]“amid在……中間，被……圍繞”，[B]“between在（兩者）……之間”，[C]“upon在……之上”均不符合題意。

　　12「答案」[A]

　　「解析」“知識(shí)”。根據(jù)上文第一句提到的“teach elementary science”，“knowledge”與“teach”形成搭配。而選項(xiàng)[B]“數(shù)據(jù)”，[C]“智力”，[D]“探索；探詢”均不符合題意。

　　13「答案」[B]

　　「解析」“聰明的；明智的”。根據(jù)文章的一致性，“wise”與“good”形成呼應(yīng)。而選項(xiàng)[A]“公平的；清晰的”，[C]“危險(xiǎn)的；冒險(xiǎn)的；大膽的”，[D]“適當(dāng)?shù)模徽�確的”均不符合題意。

　　14「答案」[A]

　　「解析」“（用于形容詞或副詞前）太；過(guò)分”。根據(jù)原文：“由于在任何一個(gè)領(lǐng)域太多地強(qiáng)調(diào)以至于造成這種平衡失敗了�！薄皌oo”用于表示否定的語(yǔ)氣，否定了平衡的成功。而選項(xiàng)[B]“fairly（常用于褒義的場(chǎng)合）公正地，正當(dāng)?shù)�；相�?dāng)，還算”，[C]“very很，十分”，[D]“rather（常用于貶義的場(chǎng)合）相當(dāng)，有一點(diǎn)兒”均不符合題意。

　　15「答案」[B]

　　「解析」“問(wèn)題”。根據(jù)全文的第一句“If it were only……whether……or……”，該句是提問(wèn)式的句子，是需要做出回答的問(wèn)題，所以選擇“question”。而選項(xiàng)[A]“小事件；事件”，[C]“推論；推理；暗示”，[D]“沖擊；沖突；影響”均不符合原文意思。

　　16「答案」[D]

　　「解析」“關(guān)系”。根據(jù)文章的一致性，“relation”與下句中的“relative”構(gòu)成呼應(yīng)。而選項(xiàng)[A]“反應(yīng)”，[B]“合作，[C]”相互作用；相互影響“均不符合原文意思。

　　17「答案」[B]

　　「解析」“同樣地”。根據(jù)上下文，上文談到“balance”，下文的主題也是“balance”，所以選擇“Similarly同樣地”作為過(guò)度，連接上下文。而選項(xiàng)[A]“相反地”，[C]“因此；于是”，[D]“也許；假定地”均不符合題意。

　　18「答案」[C]

　　「解析」“古典的；經(jīng)典的”�！癱lassical古典的”與“current現(xiàn)今的；當(dāng)今的”是一種對(duì)比，指“保持現(xiàn)在和過(guò)去的知識(shí)的一種平衡”。而選項(xiàng)[A]“原始的，遠(yuǎn)古的，早期的”，[B]“最后的；最終的；根本的”，[D]“最初的；開(kāi)始的；字首的”是本題的干擾，均不符合題意。

　　19「答案」[A]

　　「解析」“可能；可能性”。本題考查形近義異詞辨析。根據(jù)全文以及該句的意思：“大眾將繼續(xù)將注意力放到科學(xué)領(lǐng)域（出現(xiàn)的）新的可能性和新知識(shí)的發(fā)現(xiàn)上�！彼�以選擇“possibilities”。而選項(xiàng)[B]“能力；才能”，[C]“能力；本領(lǐng)；才能”，[D]“責(zé)任；負(fù)擔(dān)”均不符合題意。

　　20「答案」[B]

　　「解析」“教學(xué)；課程；教程”。根據(jù)文章一致性原則，“courses”與全文第一句中的“elementary science”形成呼應(yīng)，而選項(xiàng)[A]“場(chǎng)地；背景”，[C]“教義，教條，主義”，[D]“（分）定額，限額，配額；定量”均不構(gòu)成呼應(yīng)，不符合題意。

　　SectionⅡReading Comprehension

　　Part A　　Text 1

　　篇章導(dǎo)讀

　　這篇文章采用的是一種對(duì)比的思維模式。本文講述了關(guān)于DNA遺傳技術(shù)本身涉及的道德和道義問(wèn)題。作者在第1自然段引用了弗蘭肯斯坦博士所創(chuàng)造的一個(gè)怪物，從而引出了DNA的道義問(wèn)題和道德問(wèn)題，并提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題即我們要不要去形成一種新的道德哲學(xué)觀呢。之后在第2自然段作者對(duì)該問(wèn)題做出了回答，說(shuō)不用，其實(shí)在一千年以前康德就說(shuō)過(guò)個(gè)體不應(yīng)該作為一種達(dá)到目的的手段。在第3自然段作者批判了為達(dá)到目的而把DNA技術(shù)當(dāng)作手段的問(wèn)題。在第4自然段作者對(duì)比性地說(shuō)明了，關(guān)于個(gè)人以及國(guó)家究竟誰(shuí)來(lái)控制DNA的問(wèn)題，在第5自然段作者又對(duì)比了人和機(jī)械之間的差異性。文章的關(guān)鍵詞為“alter our DNA radically”、“l(fā)ife�瞗orms”、“moral issue”、“reproduce”、“moral philosophies”等等。

　　思路解析

　　21「答案」[D]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“本文引用弗蘭肯斯坦博士所說(shuō)的話的目的是為了……”。此題可以定位在第1自然段，且文章1、2、3段反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)“moral philosophies”，因此選項(xiàng)[D]“引入生物技術(shù)中所存在的道德問(wèn)題的話題”為正確選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)[A]“給出DNA技術(shù)突破的精彩的一頁(yè)”，選項(xiàng)[B]“強(qiáng)調(diào)手段對(duì)達(dá)到一種永久目的的重要性”和選項(xiàng)[C]“顯示出他是如何在一千年前創(chuàng)造一種新的生命形式”都與原文不相符，不是作者引用的目的

　　22「答案」[B]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“我們從文章可以得出結(jié)論：人類克隆技術(shù)應(yīng)該使用的方式是……”。正確選項(xiàng)為[B]“合理的并且是相當(dāng)謹(jǐn)慎的”，從文中2、3、4自然段定位，歸納以后得出這樣的選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)[A]“過(guò)分和奢侈的”，選項(xiàng)[C]“激進(jìn)的和不分青紅皂白的”和選項(xiàng)[D]“公開(kāi)的而且是熱情的”都與作者在整篇文章所使用的語(yǔ)氣不相符合。

　　23「答案」[A]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“我們從本文得知，奧爾德斯·賀胥黎持有怎樣的觀點(diǎn)？”此題可定位在第4自然段，正確選項(xiàng)為[A]“DNA技術(shù)應(yīng)該受到個(gè)人的控制”，作者在文中對(duì)奧爾德斯·賀胥黎的觀點(diǎn)提出了一種批判。而選項(xiàng)[B]“政府應(yīng)該對(duì)個(gè)人少加以控制”，選項(xiàng)[C]“人們需要政府來(lái)保護(hù)DNA信息”，和原文的意思是相反的。選項(xiàng)[D]“關(guān)于人類克隆的道德觀念應(yīng)該被刪除”與問(wèn)題不符合。

　　24「答案」[D]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“從全文最后一段推測(cè)，我們能預(yù)測(cè)下面哪項(xiàng)是作者在下一部分將要講述的內(nèi)容？”此題可定位于全文的最后一句。正確選項(xiàng)為[D]“生物技術(shù)研究的現(xiàn)狀”。而選項(xiàng)[A]“反思生物技術(shù)的道德”，選項(xiàng)[B]“對(duì)我們的個(gè)人隱私的冒犯性的侵犯”和選項(xiàng)[C]“我們后代智商不可避免的改變”都無(wú)法從文章的邏輯得出這樣的判斷。

　　25「答案」[C]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“根據(jù)最后一段，‘干件’和‘濕件’的關(guān)系就像……”。在文中“干件”指的是機(jī)器，“濕件”指的是人的肉體，因此選項(xiàng)[C]“機(jī)器和肉體的關(guān)系”為正確選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)[A]“整體和個(gè)體”，選項(xiàng)[B]“想象和現(xiàn)實(shí)”和選項(xiàng)[D]“暫時(shí)和永遠(yuǎn)”都不能構(gòu)成類比的邏輯關(guān)系。

　　參考譯文

　　到下個(gè)世紀(jì)，我們將能從根本上改變我們的DNA，即在制造新的生命形式時(shí)對(duì)自己的理智和情感進(jìn)行編碼。弗蘭肯斯坦博士造出他的怪物時(shí)，他曾就是否應(yīng)該允許它繁殖生育而深思這樣一個(gè)道德問(wèn)題：“我有權(quán)利為我自己的利益而降禍于子孫后代嗎？”這樣的問(wèn)題是否要求我們發(fā)展新的道德哲學(xué)？

　　也許不是。相反，我們將重溫一個(gè)歷經(jīng)考驗(yàn)的道德觀念，它有時(shí)被稱作“黃金法則”。一千年來(lái)最嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)牡赖轮髁x者——康德將這一觀念塑造成一個(gè)“絕對(duì)命令”：己所不欲，勿施于人；要把每個(gè)人作為個(gè)體對(duì)待，而不是作為達(dá)到某種目的的手段。

　　在這一道德準(zhǔn)則下，我們應(yīng)該摒棄人類的克隆技術(shù)，因?yàn)樗�不可避免地�?huì)使一些人成為達(dá)到另外一些人目標(biāo)的手段。這些人的價(jià)值只體現(xiàn)在他們是我們喜愛(ài)的人的復(fù)制品或是許多身體部件的組合上，而不在于他們是有自身權(quán)利的個(gè)體。不管多么模糊，我們還應(yīng)劃一個(gè)界限，在這個(gè)范圍內(nèi)遺傳工程可被用來(lái)治療疾病和彌補(bǔ)缺陷，而不是用來(lái)改變決定一個(gè)人成為個(gè)體的個(gè)人特性（智商、身體特征、性別和性征）。

　　生物技術(shù)的時(shí)代將給我們更充分的理由來(lái)保護(hù)個(gè)人隱私。奧爾德斯·赫胥黎在《美妙的新世界》一書(shū)中犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤：他把DNA技術(shù)授權(quán)給了個(gè)體和家庭，而沒(méi)有把權(quán)力集中于國(guó)家手中。但是（事實(shí)上）國(guó)家將起到很重要的作用，那就是保證包括保險(xiǎn)公司在內(nèi)的任何人，沒(méi)有我們的允許不能看到我們的遺傳數(shù)據(jù)或利用它來(lái)歧視我們。

　　那么我們可以迎接可能于下世紀(jì)末出現(xiàn)的生物技術(shù)的突破，這一技術(shù)突破可與描繪基因相媲美：標(biāo)記出我們大腦中的100億甚至更多的神經(jīng)元。應(yīng)用這些信息，我們有朝一日可能創(chuàng)造出人工智能，它們的思維和經(jīng)驗(yàn)意識(shí)方式與人腦沒(méi)有什么區(qū)別。最終我們可能在一臺(tái)機(jī)器“干件”里復(fù)制出我們自己的頭腦，這樣的話，我們就能夠不依賴生物大腦和人體這樣的“濕件”而活著。20世紀(jì)信息技術(shù)的革命將由此同2l世紀(jì)的生物技術(shù)革命融為一體。當(dāng)然這只是科學(xué)幻想�，F(xiàn)在還是讓我們回到現(xiàn)實(shí)科學(xué)中來(lái)吧。

　　Text 2

　　篇章導(dǎo)讀

　　本文是一篇關(guān)于睡眠方面的研究性的文章。文章第1自然段說(shuō)好睡眠是相當(dāng)重要的，而沒(méi)有必要在考前努力地研讀課本，那么關(guān)于這種古訓(xùn)毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)是正確的，而人們沒(méi)有搞清楚的是為什么睡眠對(duì)記憶有好處，我們知道它好，卻不知道它為什么好。隨后作者通過(guò)文章第2、3、4、5段的科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)，進(jìn)一步澄清說(shuō)明睡眠的確對(duì)于記憶是有好處的。文章的關(guān)鍵詞為“sound night‘s sleep”、“science”、“behavioral psychology”、“memory”以及“brainwave”等等。

　　思路解析

　　26「答案」[C]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“行為心理學(xué)的研究者對(duì)于什么有不同的觀點(diǎn)？”文中第1自然段提到他們對(duì)為什么睡眠對(duì)記憶有好處持有不同的觀點(diǎn)，因此[C]“為什么睡眠對(duì)記憶有很大的好處”為正確選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)[A]“夢(mèng)是如何在其過(guò)程中得到改變的”，選項(xiàng)[B]“睡眠和蘇醒的區(qū)別”和選項(xiàng)[D]“好睡眠的功能”均不是他們分歧的觀點(diǎn)。

　　27「答案」[A]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“如實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究中所表明，快眼運(yùn)動(dòng)的特征是……”。正確選項(xiàng)為[A]“急劇活躍的腦電圖”，此題可以定位在第2自然段，且在第3、4段又再次說(shuō)明。選項(xiàng)[B]“被研究者很快的反應(yīng)速度”，選項(xiàng)[C]“復(fù)雜的記憶模式”和選項(xiàng)[D]“前一天事件的重現(xiàn)”都不是快眼運(yùn)動(dòng)的主要特征。

　　28「答案」[B]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“作者談到‘人工語(yǔ)法’，目的是為了說(shuō)明……”。正確選項(xiàng)為[B]“所學(xué)到的內(nèi)在模式”，此題定位于原文的第3段，且在原文的第5段作者以學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)的學(xué)生為例說(shuō)明，如果睡得好，大腦會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一種內(nèi)在的某種學(xué)習(xí)材料的模式。選項(xiàng)[A]“研究的重要性”，選項(xiàng)[C]“和燈泡的相似”和選項(xiàng)[D]“睡眠的重要性”都不是作者說(shuō)到“人工語(yǔ)法”所要談?wù)摰哪康摹?/p>

　　29「答案」[C]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“在研究中皮埃爾·馬凱領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的小組主要利用的是什么方法？”正確選項(xiàng)為[C]“采用一種對(duì)比和比較的方式”，這個(gè)題考察的是對(duì)2、3、4、5段的歸納，他們把各種情形的情況進(jìn)行對(duì)比性的研究。選項(xiàng)[A]“揭示一種長(zhǎng)期持有的古訓(xùn)”，選項(xiàng)[B]“澄清了對(duì)夢(mèng)的預(yù)言”和選項(xiàng)[D]“把因果關(guān)系聯(lián)系在一起”都不是他們所使用的主要方法。

　　30「答案」[D]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“馬凱給第二天參加大考的人有什么建議？”正確選項(xiàng)為[D]“在晚上好好的睡覺(jué)”，這是一個(gè)通篇的中心歸納的考察題，在晚上好好的睡覺(jué)對(duì)記憶是有好處的。而選項(xiàng)[A]“努力地記憶語(yǔ)法”，選項(xiàng)[B]“認(rèn)真地研究課本”和選項(xiàng)[C]“記錄自己的腦呈像”都不是他的明顯建議，盡管這些錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)使用了原文中的某些表達(dá)和單詞。

　　參考譯文

　　大考之前，一夜酣睡要比你研讀書(shū)本更有益。不管怎樣，人們將其視為至理名言�？茖W(xué)（行為心理學(xué)）證明了這一名言。關(guān)于為何睡眠有助于大腦記憶有兩種相對(duì)立的說(shuō)法，但行為科學(xué)研究卻不能夠?qū)ζ溥M(jìn)行區(qū)分。一種理論認(rèn)為，睡眠中形成永久記憶。另一種理論認(rèn)為，記憶實(shí)際上是在白天形成的，只不過(guò)是在晚上對(duì)它“編輯”，并把多余的刪去。

　　要對(duì)兩種理論進(jìn)行區(qū)分，探究人在睡眠過(guò)程中大腦的情況是必要的，但又是困難的。經(jīng)過(guò)十年的艱苦工作，比利時(shí)列日大學(xué)的皮埃爾·馬凱領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的小組卻做到了這一點(diǎn)。比利時(shí)小組尤其感興趣的睡眠階段是快速眼動(dòng)（REM）睡眠。這時(shí)，大腦和身體處于活躍狀態(tài)，心跳加速，血壓升高，眼球在眼皮下來(lái)回移動(dòng)，仿佛在欣賞電影，腦電圖與清醒時(shí)相似。正是這段睡眠時(shí)間，白天發(fā)生的事才最有可能在夢(mèng)中出現(xiàn)。

　　馬凱醫(yī)生使用一種稱為PET的電子設(shè)備對(duì)白天從事某項(xiàng)任務(wù)的人進(jìn)行研究，并在晚上他們熟睡時(shí)進(jìn)行跟蹤研究。這項(xiàng)任務(wù)要求他們?cè)诳吹搅鶄�(gè)不同位置處的燈光亮?xí)r，迅速按下電鈕，越快越好。當(dāng)他們學(xué)會(huì)如何去做以后，反應(yīng)速度就加快了。他們不知道燈亮有時(shí)是按照一定的模式出現(xiàn)的——這種模式被稱作“人造語(yǔ)法”。而反應(yīng)時(shí)間的縮短正說(shuō)明他們?cè)谟心Ｊ綍r(shí)比沒(méi)有模式時(shí)學(xué)得快。

　　而且，要學(xué)的東西越多（比如學(xué)習(xí)“語(yǔ)法”和機(jī)械性的按下電鈕），大腦就越活躍�！熬庉嫛崩碚摕o(wú)法對(duì)此進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)，因?yàn)樵谌魏吻闆r下，無(wú)關(guān)刺激的數(shù)量都是一樣的。試驗(yàn)對(duì)象在醒來(lái)時(shí)的反應(yīng)時(shí)間甚至比睡覺(jué)時(shí)還快，從而消除了他們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)，而不是沒(méi)有學(xué)這一疑慮。

　　因此，該小組得出結(jié)論，在快速眼動(dòng)（REM）睡眠中，通過(guò)再次激活，使與記憶有關(guān)的神經(jīng)連接得到加強(qiáng)。尤其是當(dāng)大腦注意到所學(xué)材料的內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，更是如此。所以，大考前夜，參加第二天數(shù)學(xué)考試的學(xué)生可以酣睡，他們知道明天需要記住的都是些基本的代數(shù)法則，而不是隔壁收音機(jī)里斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的話語(yǔ)。

　　Text 3

　　篇章導(dǎo)讀

　　本文主要是一篇闡述型的文章。中心是哥倫比亞號(hào)航天飛機(jī)失事的調(diào)查經(jīng)過(guò)。第1自然段作者首先提出因?yàn)橛刑�多的情感和太多的自�?fù)，所以這個(gè)調(diào)查很難進(jìn)行。在第2自然段，調(diào)查組的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人Gehman很謹(jǐn)慎地說(shuō)，如果要真知道這個(gè)飛機(jī)的左翼出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題的話，美國(guó)航空航天局的研究人員肯定會(huì)實(shí)施營(yíng)救的，但目前問(wèn)題在于美國(guó)航空航天局的研究人員有沒(méi)有反對(duì)過(guò)或決定反對(duì)過(guò)進(jìn)行調(diào)查，在4、5、6、7段作者講述了在聽(tīng)證會(huì)上的主題即美國(guó)航空航天局拒絕接受軍事部門提供的衛(wèi)星照片。本文的關(guān)鍵詞為“inquiry”、“accident”、“Gehman”、“NASA”等等。

　　思路解析

　　31「答案」[B]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“本文最可能選自標(biāo)題為……的文章”。正確選項(xiàng)為[B]“對(duì)哥倫比亞號(hào)事件的調(diào)查”，“inquiry”和“accident”為本文的中心關(guān)鍵詞，很顯然文章的中心關(guān)鍵詞作為整篇文章的大標(biāo)題。而選項(xiàng)[A]“Gehman對(duì)哥倫比亞號(hào)失事的評(píng)論”，在這篇文章中作者的態(tài)度相當(dāng)謹(jǐn)慎，就事論事，沒(méi)有涉及太多的評(píng)價(jià)。選項(xiàng)[C]“闡述航天飛機(jī)的安全”，離題太遠(yuǎn)。選項(xiàng)[D]“美國(guó)航空航天局正在被揭露的問(wèn)題”，文中確實(shí)講到美國(guó)航空航天局存在問(wèn)題，但只是一部分，而不能作為整體。

　　32「答案」[B]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“在句子‘since they could place’中的‘they’所指的是……”。正確選項(xiàng)為[B]“回答”，對(duì)該句進(jìn)行句型分析后，得出“they”指代的對(duì)象為前面的“answers”，“answer”為在聽(tīng)證會(huì)上的回答。選項(xiàng)[A]“賠償金”，選項(xiàng)[C]“決定”和選項(xiàng)[D]“問(wèn)題”都與原文語(yǔ)境不相符合。

　　33「答案」[A]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“根據(jù)作者，導(dǎo)致哥倫比亞號(hào)航天飛機(jī)失事的主要原因是……”。文中作者明確講述了導(dǎo)致航天飛機(jī)失事可能主要是因?yàn)槠渥笠硎艿搅藫p壞，因此選項(xiàng)[A]“一個(gè)很可能左翼受到的損壞”為正確選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)[B]“故意拒絕衛(wèi)星圖片”，選項(xiàng)[C]“有一種多愁善感以及所涉及的一種自負(fù)”和選項(xiàng)[D]“航天機(jī)構(gòu)在執(zhí)行任務(wù)中的行動(dòng)遲緩”都不是導(dǎo)致事件直接引發(fā)的原因。

　　34「答案」[C]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“像文中所提到的，星期三的聽(tīng)證會(huì)的主題是……”。在4、5、6、7段反復(fù)講到了美國(guó)航空航天局拒絕接受軍事部門提供的衛(wèi)星圖像，此題可以定位在第5段的最后一句，“The subject dominated the early part of Wednesday‘s hearing”，該句中的“subject”指的就是美國(guó)航空航天局拒絕接受軍事部門提供的衛(wèi)星圖像，因此選項(xiàng)[C]“美國(guó)航空航天局拒絕了軍事部門提供的衛(wèi)星圖像”為正確選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)[A]“軌道中情報(bào)衛(wèi)星的一種精確能力”，選項(xiàng)[B]“美國(guó)航空航天局沒(méi)有作出決定反對(duì)對(duì)哥倫比亞號(hào)的檢測(cè)”和選項(xiàng)[D]“美國(guó)航空航天局和軍事部門的合作”，盡管文中都有所提及，但卻不是這次聽(tīng)證會(huì)所解決的問(wèn)題和焦點(diǎn)。

　　35「答案」[D]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“下面哪項(xiàng)最能描述Gehman對(duì)于衛(wèi)星圖像的態(tài)度？”此題可定位于最后一段，該段講述了Gehman對(duì)衛(wèi)星圖像能否檢測(cè)出破損仍舊不敢肯定，且綜觀全文，可以看出他的態(tài)度是相當(dāng)謹(jǐn)慎的，因此選項(xiàng)[D]“謹(jǐn)慎”為正確選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)[A]“擔(dān)心恐懼的”，選項(xiàng)[B]“盲目輕信的”和選項(xiàng)[C]“冷漠的”都不能概括原文的中心和含義。

　　參考譯文

　　在事故發(fā)生后的三個(gè)多月也就是本月初，這宗調(diào)查才開(kāi)始，原因是有“太多的情緒和自負(fù)”，哥倫比亞號(hào)事故調(diào)查委員會(huì)的主席Harold Gehman如是說(shuō)道。

　　在參議院商業(yè)委員會(huì)前作證時(shí)，Gehman說(shuō)他的這部分調(diào)查才剛剛開(kāi)始，始于十天之前。但是他已經(jīng)得出了一個(gè)結(jié)論：如果說(shuō)宇航局的高級(jí)管理官員們知道了哥倫比亞號(hào)航天飛機(jī)的左翼有致命的故障存在，而美國(guó)航空航天局卻不愿或不能對(duì)進(jìn)入軌道的宇航員采取營(yíng)救行動(dòng)，是不能令人信服的。

　　Gehman于聽(tīng)證會(huì)后告訴記者，關(guān)于一些重要問(wèn)題的答案可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。原因是這些答案可能在一個(gè)不同的情形下審視宇航局的決定，宇航局決定反對(duì)在哥倫比亞號(hào)返航前仔細(xì)檢查可能出現(xiàn)的側(cè)翼故障。

　　調(diào)查人員認(rèn)為哥倫比亞號(hào)起飛后不久隔熱泡沫的流失損壞了飛機(jī)左翼。這導(dǎo)致了二月一日航天飛機(jī)返航時(shí)超高溫的熱空氣穿過(guò)飛船的側(cè)翼引起大火并融化了飛船的內(nèi)部。

　　在這些決定中，有關(guān)于宇航局管理官員拒絕接受軍方所提供的關(guān)于哥倫比亞號(hào)航天飛機(jī)左翼隱患的衛(wèi)星照片。這一主題占據(jù)了周三聽(tīng)證會(huì)的前半部分。

　　Gehman抱怨說(shuō)管理官員在拒絕被提供的照片時(shí)“錯(cuò)失了故障的征兆”，這是對(duì)宇航局在16天的航天飛機(jī)航行期間的做事不力的直接尖刻的評(píng)價(jià)。

　　Gehman告訴參議員：“我們將把這件事詳細(xì)地寫進(jìn)我們的報(bào)告，但是事故中有大量的官員和管理者錯(cuò)失了故障的征兆，我們對(duì)調(diào)查的進(jìn)程不甚滿意�！�

　　調(diào)查委員會(huì)曾建議美國(guó)航空航天局促成宇航局和掌管衛(wèi)星及望遠(yuǎn)鏡的軍方部門間更好的合作。美國(guó)國(guó)家圖像和測(cè)繪部在三月份已同意定期為在軌道上運(yùn)行的航天飛機(jī)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的衛(wèi)星圖像拍照。

　　來(lái)自于美國(guó)軍方最先進(jìn)的間諜衛(wèi)星的照片是否能檢測(cè)出哥倫比亞號(hào)飛船側(cè)翼上的兩英寸大小的破損，Gehman對(duì)此仍舊不敢肯定。這種衛(wèi)星的精確度是聽(tīng)證會(huì)上的敏感話題。

　　Text 4

　　篇章導(dǎo)讀

　　本文講述的中心是關(guān)于接種疫苗與防止傳染病的重要性。第2自然段講述了接種疫苗后整個(gè)免疫系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)付過(guò)程，第3自然段闡述的是接種疫苗可能存在的危險(xiǎn)。最后一段對(duì)比分析接種疫苗所帶來(lái)的好處以及不足之處。本文的關(guān)鍵詞為“disease of epidemic”、“populace”、“vaccination”等等。

　　思路解析

　　36「答案」[C]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“本文最好的標(biāo)題是什么？”正確選項(xiàng)為[C]“疫苗：方法和內(nèi)在含義”，這一選項(xiàng)能概括說(shuō)明文章的中心。而選項(xiàng)[A]“接種：福音或詛咒”，漏掉了關(guān)于接種疫苗的過(guò)程，是對(duì)中心的部分概括。選項(xiàng)[B]“接種所用的原理”，這是第2自然段的話題。選項(xiàng)[D]“一個(gè)受到攻擊的奇跡的治療方法”只涉及到最后一個(gè)自然段。

　　37「答案」[A]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“天花疫苗這個(gè)舉例是說(shuō)明什么情況？”此題可定位于第3自然段，且第3、4自然段的主題就是使用疫苗可能會(huì)帶來(lái)負(fù)面效果，因此選項(xiàng)[A]“使用疫苗可能會(huì)帶來(lái)負(fù)面結(jié)果”為正確選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)[B]“疫苗的實(shí)際使用來(lái)控制傳染病”，選項(xiàng)[C]“疫苗在于消除某些疾病的有效性”和選項(xiàng)[D]“疫苗對(duì)付疾病所使用的方法”都不是這個(gè)舉證所談?wù)摰挠^點(diǎn)。

　　38「答案」[B]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“這個(gè)短語(yǔ)‘ward it off naturally’最可能的意思是……”。文中第2自然段講述了在接種疫苗后，身體自然可以跟這種疾病進(jìn)行對(duì)抗。因此選項(xiàng)[B]“很輕松地與之對(duì)抗”為正確選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)[A]“自然地將其排除”，選項(xiàng)[C]“很不情愿地去管理它”和選項(xiàng)[D]“恰當(dāng)?shù)胤纸馑�”都不符合第二段所談�(wù)摰囊粋�(gè)原理。

　　39「答案」[B]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“根據(jù)這篇文章，下面哪項(xiàng)是對(duì)的？”其實(shí)縱觀全文，本文的中心講的是免疫系統(tǒng)可以得到特殊的訓(xùn)練以應(yīng)對(duì)疾病的較弱形式，因此選項(xiàng)[B]“免疫系統(tǒng)可以得到特殊的訓(xùn)練以應(yīng)對(duì)疾病的較弱形式”為正確選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)[A]“挽救大多數(shù)的人必然造成少數(shù)人的死亡”，選項(xiàng)[C]“強(qiáng)制性的接種對(duì)于大眾的生存是不可或缺的”和選項(xiàng)[D]“接種的過(guò)程仍然是一個(gè)應(yīng)該解決的神秘”都不能說(shuō)明原文的含義。

　　40「答案」[D]

　　「解析」題干問(wèn)：“作者寫作本文的目的是……”。作者在這篇文章的語(yǔ)氣是客觀的，因此選項(xiàng)[D]“為了解釋和告知信息”為正確選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)[A]“評(píng)論和批判”，這是議論文，評(píng)論文的模式。選項(xiàng)[B]“論證和辯論”是議論文的模式。選項(xiàng)[C]“為了帶來(lái)興趣和娛樂(lè)”，但這篇文章是科普性的文章。

　　參考譯文

　　當(dāng)傳染病襲擊民眾時(shí)，科學(xué)家們就立即著手確認(rèn)病源并想法征服疾病。通常，我們是可以取得勝利的，因?yàn)獒t(yī)學(xué)可以隔離寄生蟲(chóng)、病原菌或者造成疾病的細(xì)胞，并發(fā)現(xiàn)有效的消滅或抑制疾病的方法。在非常嚴(yán)重的情況下，比方說(shuō)一個(gè)地區(qū)或國(guó)家的全體民眾都可能處境極其危險(xiǎn)，就有必要通過(guò)接種疫苗來(lái)保護(hù)全部人口，確保疾病不會(huì)蔓延。

　　接種疫苗是讓人體對(duì)病毒或疾病產(chǎn)生免疫力。萬(wàn)一碰上病毒或疾病，人體可以自然戰(zhàn)勝它。將弱小或死亡的菌株在監(jiān)控環(huán)境下注入病人體內(nèi)，這樣他體內(nèi)的免疫系統(tǒng)就可以培養(yǎng)出應(yīng)對(duì)來(lái)犯之?dāng)车哪芰�。關(guān)于如何抵抗疾病的信息被傳遞到免疫系統(tǒng)的各個(gè)部位，這個(gè)過(guò)程由基因信息在細(xì)胞間傳遞而自然實(shí)現(xiàn)�？梢钥隙�，萬(wàn)一該病人以后碰上這類病毒，他的身體已全副武裝并且訓(xùn)練有素，足以對(duì)付這一現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題，因?yàn)橐延薪?jīng)驗(yàn)了。

　　但是整個(gè)過(guò)程還有隱患。有時(shí)，即使疫苗中含有的病菌是弱化了的菌種，人體也接受不了，導(dǎo)致免疫系統(tǒng)失效，以致病人死亡。天花疫苗的情況就是這樣。天花傳染病一度席卷全美土著居民并造成大量移民死亡，該疫苗試圖消滅這種傳染病。一萬(wàn)個(gè)接種天花疫苗的人中約有一個(gè)因接種而感染天花死亡。也就是說(shuō)，如果全體美國(guó)人都要接種天花疫苗的話，就有3000人將死亡。

　　值得慶幸的是，在20世紀(jì)70年代初，天花病毒就已被消滅，也結(jié)束了對(duì)全美嬰兒的強(qiáng)制接種。不過(guò)，該病若卷土重來(lái)，就還要實(shí)行強(qiáng)制接種，這必將造成由接種而帶來(lái)更多的意外死亡。本是一件好事的接種工作背后隱藏著不少謾罵和非議。

　　Part B

　　本部分內(nèi)容請(qǐng)參見(jiàn)Part B（二）答案解析及參考譯文

　　Part C

　　篇章導(dǎo)讀

　　本文的中心內(nèi)容為如何改進(jìn)公眾對(duì)科學(xué)研究的認(rèn)識(shí)。文章首先提出了雖然不同領(lǐng)域間的相互受益在科學(xué)界被廣為認(rèn)同，但公眾卻不清楚這一事實(shí)，之后闡述了改進(jìn)公眾對(duì)科學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)的時(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)成熟并講述了如何提高公眾對(duì)科學(xué)研究的認(rèn)識(shí)，最后作者以農(nóng)業(yè)為例，說(shuō)明了其它學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的研究對(duì)生物醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)步所起的作用。

　　思路解析

　　46.本句的句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)為“……the scientific community could build a more effective case for public support of all science……”，其中“Because……is strong”為because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，“by articulating……”為方式狀語(yǔ)，在該方式狀語(yǔ)中how引導(dǎo)“articulate”的賓語(yǔ)從句。

　　47.本句的句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)為“……we can work to enhance public appreciation of scientific research……”，其中“by showing……”為方式狀語(yǔ)，在該方式狀語(yǔ)中how引導(dǎo)“show”的賓語(yǔ)從句。

　　48.本句為簡(jiǎn)單句。句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)為“……it may appear to have made few significant contributions to biomedical advances……”，在該句中“related to human nutrition”為形容詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾前面的“those.”

　　49.本句的主句為“it was……that”的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，其中“at the turn of the century”為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，該時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)包含一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面的“the turn of the century”，該定語(yǔ)從句為連詞and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　50.本句為主從復(fù)合句。句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)為“……it is the latest discoveries……that reveal its true importance to biomedicine”，該主句為“it was……that”的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，“that have been made in agricultural research”為that引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面的“discoveries.”

　　參考譯文

　　“所有的研究都帶來(lái)生物醫(yī)學(xué)的進(jìn)步”這一古訓(xùn)同樣適用于科學(xué)界。不同領(lǐng)域間的相互受益在科學(xué)界被廣為認(rèn)同，但公眾或公共政策制定者未必清楚這一事實(shí)。（46）因?yàn)楣�眾�?duì)資助生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究的支持很大，科學(xué)界需要通過(guò)宣傳其他學(xué)科的研究如何有利于生物醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展，才可能很有效地向公眾證明其支持所有學(xué)科的理由。

　　改進(jìn)公眾對(duì)科學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)的時(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)成熟。一項(xiàng)最近的全國(guó)科學(xué)基金會(huì)調(diào)查顯示，美國(guó)人仍繼續(xù)支持科研開(kāi)支。此外，民意投票也表明科學(xué)家和科學(xué)界領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人享有極高的公眾威望。（47）我們不應(yīng)該由于公眾對(duì)科學(xué)缺乏理解而傷感。我們能夠向公眾展示各個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域的密切關(guān)系和對(duì)生物醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)步的作用，從而努力提高公眾對(duì)科學(xué)研究的認(rèn)識(shí)。決定性的任務(wù)是要用簡(jiǎn)單易懂的表達(dá)向公眾傳達(dá)，所有科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的研究都會(huì)帶來(lái)個(gè)別和整體的利益。

　　以農(nóng)業(yè)研究為例。（48）表面上看，除了與人類營(yíng)養(yǎng)直接相關(guān)的方面以外，農(nóng)業(yè)研究對(duì)生物醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展幾乎沒(méi)有做出什么顯著的貢獻(xiàn)。然而這種觀點(diǎn)不正確。在營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)方面，維生素的發(fā)現(xiàn)就極好地證明了農(nóng)業(yè)和生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究的互相聯(lián)系。（49）本世紀(jì)初，維生素的概念還未出現(xiàn)，營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)還未作為一門科學(xué)存在的時(shí)候，恰好是在農(nóng)業(yè)化學(xué)部門中第一次真正地證實(shí)了維生素。單谷種植實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)了維生素A和B的存在，某些礦物（鐵和銅）的重要作用也在稍后被證實(shí)，而這些發(fā)現(xiàn)奠定了現(xiàn)代人類營(yíng)養(yǎng)研究的基礎(chǔ)。

　　（50）但是，盡管有這樣的直接聯(lián)系，正是在農(nóng)業(yè)研究中已取得的最新發(fā)現(xiàn)才揭示了該研究對(duì)于生物醫(yī)學(xué)的重要性。救命的抗生素如鏈霉索是在土壤微生物中發(fā)現(xiàn)的。最初的胚胎移植是在奶牛上完成的，而相關(guān)的研究加深了對(duì)人類生殖的理解。

　　SectionⅢWriting

　　參考范文

　　Part A

　　51.

　　Dear Sir，

　　I write this letter to inquire about the post your company advertised in the newspaper yesterday. I intend to apply for the job vacancy of the manager‘s secretary. I’m very interested in the job.

　　I think I have the needed qualifications for the position in your business. I‘m good at short hand， and my spoken English is much fluent. And above all， I have enough experience for the job because I once worked as a secretary in another foreign�瞣wned enterprise. I strongly believe I’m extremely well qualified for the job.

　　I‘ve learned your company enjoys good reputation and shows great promise worldwide. I wish to get an interview opportunity. I’m expecting an early reply from your company.

　　Sincerely，

　　Tom

　　Part B

　　52.

　　This cartoon presents in front of us a sharp contrast between two types of neighbors. The two pet neighbors greet each other politely and amiably while the two lonely human neighbors seem to ignore each other. When we take a walk in any of the cities in the modern society， we can often observe such a sad scene in which social interactions have been grievously diminishing.

　　There are more and more urban residents who love raising pets. Pet-keeping is becoming increasingly pervasive because a pet may be a companion for old people， a friend for young couples， and a playing toy for children. Believe it or not， pets are such an inseparable part in their daily life that they often devote lots of energy， time and money to taking care of the needs of their loved animals. Small wonder， such devotion to pet-raising points to a truth of great importance today—loneliness in a busy world.

　　Since most people have to live on an on-the-move lifestyle， they are probably denied opportunities to share their feelings with their friends and relatives. Whereas pets will be good listeners. Where there are so many dishonesties going around， they must stay with a dog， which is likely to be faithful to them. It seems that an individual is being ridiculous if he starts conversations with his neighbors， so he often has no alternative but to enjoy the company of pets. That‘s why the scene depicted in the cartoon is not uncommon in our daily life.

　　Our life would be， of course， enjoyable if we have pets. But we would enjoy much more meaningful life if the two human neighbors started a talk to each other in a friendly way， just like the two dogs.

　　范文譯文

　　這幅漫畫(huà)向我們展示了兩類鄰居之間的鮮明對(duì)比。做鄰居的兩只寵物友好而親切地彼此問(wèn)候而做鄰居的兩個(gè)孤單的人卻互相視而不見(jiàn)。在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)里，這樣的情景在我們漫步時(shí)隨處可見(jiàn)。

　　如今越來(lái)越多的人喜歡飼養(yǎng)寵物。由于寵物能夠成為老人的伙伴，年輕夫婦的朋友以及小孩的玩具，飼養(yǎng)寵物也越來(lái)越屢見(jiàn)不鮮。盡管難以置信，寵物已經(jīng)成為人們?nèi)粘Ｉ�活中必不可少的部分。人們常常傾心傾力的為心愛(ài)的寵物費(fèi)盡精力、時(shí)間和金錢，為它們所需的一切著想。這些并不足為奇，但這樣的投入也正反映了當(dāng)今社會(huì)的一個(gè)重要事實(shí)——在這匆匆世界里的無(wú)盡孤獨(dú)。

　　由于我們?cè)谏�活中“�?lái)去匆匆”，可能沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)與親友進(jìn)行情感交流，可寵物卻是忠實(shí)的傾聽(tīng)者。由于生活中到處是爾虞我詐，我們只能夠與身邊最忠實(shí)的小狗相依為伴。與鄰居攀談會(huì)顯得荒誕不經(jīng)，那么我們只能與寵物在一起。難怪我們?cè)谌粘Ｉ�活中常常�?huì)遇到漫畫(huà)中所勾畫(huà)的情景。

　　我們的生活因有了寵物自然有了很多歡樂(lè)。然而假如那兩個(gè)鄰居能夠像兩只小狗一樣開(kāi)始友好地交談，我們的生活還會(huì)有更多的歡樂(lè)。

　　舉一反三

　　本文的標(biāo)題提示為“鄰居”。圖中的兩對(duì)鄰居雖然都可以稱為“鄰居”，但是彼此的親密程度卻截然地相反。誠(chéng)然，在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中，尤其在城市生活中，飼養(yǎng)寵物的現(xiàn)象值得我們注意。不少人投入了大量的精力去照顧其心愛(ài)的動(dòng)物。圖畫(huà)的作者并不是要我們?nèi)ザ床鞂櫸锏亩嗌伲�而是要表達(dá)更加深層的內(nèi)涵，即由于生活方式的改變，人們之間親近的情感變得疏遠(yuǎn)，繼而移情于動(dòng)物身上。

　　本文第一自然段簡(jiǎn)要描述了畫(huà)面的內(nèi)容，點(diǎn)出了整篇文章的關(guān)鍵詞概念。第二自然段的分析緊扣畫(huà)面內(nèi)容，列舉了種種社會(huì)人喜歡寵物的現(xiàn)象，第三自然段闡述了生活方式變化，而“狗”際關(guān)系替代了人際關(guān)系。最后一個(gè)自然段自然地給出了整篇文章的結(jié)論。

　　整篇文章主要采用的是分析性的闡述思維方法，先表明了作者的觀點(diǎn)，之后進(jìn)行具體的論證。圍繞著“鄰居”、“狗”、“寵物”、“生活方式”、“人際關(guān)系”、“現(xiàn)代社會(huì)”、“情感”等關(guān)鍵詞概念展開(kāi)。

　　就類似話題，如“現(xiàn)代生活方式變遷”、“人際關(guān)系”、“人際溝通”等話題等可以模仿本文的思路寫作。此外，就本篇命題作文也可以其他的角度入手，如“社會(huì)的誠(chéng)信”等。而且可以使用對(duì)比的思維模式來(lái)安排文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，即把“人”鄰居與“狗”鄰居進(jìn)行對(duì)比。

　　Part B （二）答案解析及參考譯文

　　Sample One

　　思路解析

　　41「答案」[F]

　　「解析」空格前面的句子說(shuō)“From these sources it became apparent that the character of myths varied widely，not only by geographical region but also by historical period.”，空格后面的句子說(shuō)“He argued that the relatively simple Greek myth of Persephone reflects the economics of a basic agricultural community，whereas the more involved and complex myths found later in Homer are the product of a more developed society.”，由此可知：所填的句子應(yīng)該是在講神話的特點(diǎn)，并且會(huì)提到某位學(xué)者。選項(xiàng)F中說(shuō)“German scholar Karl Offried Muller followed this line of inquiry in his Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology，1825.”，這與前后句子的意思連貫，所以應(yīng)該選F.雖然選項(xiàng)[A]、[C]、[D]中也都提到了學(xué)者，但是，其意思與前后句子不連貫，所以不能選用。

　　42「答案」[A]

　　「解析」空格前面的句子說(shuō)“These languages，scholars concluded，belonged to an Indo-European language family……”，空格后面的句子說(shuō)“For example，an expression like‘maiden dawn’for‘sunrise’resulted first in personification of the dawn，and then in myths about her.”，由此可知：所填的句子應(yīng)該會(huì)提到“Indo.European language”。并且會(huì)說(shuō)明人們的誤解。選項(xiàng)[A]中說(shuō)“German-born British scholar Max Muller concluded that the Rig-Veda of ancient India—the oldest preserved body of literature written in an Indo�睧uropean language…… Muller attributed all later myths to misunderstandings that arose from the picturesque terms in which early peoples described natural phenomena.”，這與前后句子的意思連貫。并且也提到了“Indo-European language”，所以應(yīng)該選[A].

　　43「答案」[D]

　　「解析」空格后面的句子說(shuō)“Similarly，British anthropologist Sir James George Frazer proposed a three�瞫tage evolutionary scheme in The Golden Bough.”，由此可知：所填的句子應(yīng)該是在講學(xué)者們的研究方法。選項(xiàng)[D]中說(shuō)“This approach can be seen in the work of British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor.…Tylor organized the religious and philosophical development of humanity into separate and distinct evolutionary stages.”，這與后面句子的意思連貫，所以應(yīng)該選[D].

　　44「答案」[B]

　　「解析」空格后面的句子說(shuō)“This approach reached its most extreme form in the so�瞔alled functionalism of British anthropologist A.R.Radcliffe.Brown，who held that every myth implies a ritual，and every ritual implies a myth.”，由此可知：前面的句子應(yīng)該會(huì)介紹某種理論，并且會(huì)提到“myth”和“ritual”。選項(xiàng)[B]中說(shuō)“The myth and ritual theory，as this approach came to be called，was developed most fully by British scholar Jan E1len Harrison.……”，這與后面句子的意思連貫，所以應(yīng)該選[B].選項(xiàng)[D]雖然也提到了某種方式，但是與后面句子的意思不連貫，所以不能選用。

　　45「答案」[C]

　　「解析」空格前面的句子說(shuō)“In the 20th century，investigators began to pay closer attention to the content of the narratives themselves.”。由此可知：所填的句子應(yīng)該是講現(xiàn)代的研究。只有選項(xiàng)[C]中表達(dá)的“Austrian psycho-analyst Sigmund Freud held that myths—like dreams—condense the material of experience and represent it in symbols.”是現(xiàn)代的研究，所以應(yīng)該選[C].

　　參考譯文

　　由于可以從其他文化中獲得越來(lái)越多的素材，所以歐洲的學(xué)者開(kāi)始承認(rèn)神話學(xué)傳統(tǒng)具有更大的綜合性。古代印度和伊朗的經(jīng)文提供的證據(jù)尤其有價(jià)值，比如《薄伽梵歌》經(jīng)文以及《亞吠陀》經(jīng)文。根據(jù)這些資料，我們可以很清楚地了解到：神話人物差別很大，不只是由于地理位置所導(dǎo)致的，而且還是由于歷史時(shí)期所導(dǎo)致的。（41）德國(guó)學(xué)者卡爾·奧特弗雷德·穆勒在其1825年出版的《科學(xué)神話緒論》一書(shū)中遵循了這種研究理論。他認(rèn)為，希臘有關(guān)珀?duì)柸�福涅的相�?duì)簡(jiǎn)單的神話反映了初級(jí)農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)人們的憂慮，但是后來(lái)在荷馬史詩(shī)中發(fā)現(xiàn)的更復(fù)雜神話反映的是更發(fā)達(dá)社會(huì)的問(wèn)題。

　　學(xué)者們也試圖以某種方式把全世界各種各樣的神話聯(lián)系起來(lái)。從18世紀(jì)晚期到19世紀(jì)早期，為了解釋歐洲和近東各種各樣語(yǔ)言之間的驚人相似性，對(duì)語(yǔ)言的比較性研究導(dǎo)致假設(shè)母語(yǔ)的復(fù)興。學(xué)者們得出這樣的結(jié)論：這些語(yǔ)言屬于一種印歐語(yǔ)系。研究神話的專家也探究一種原始神話，這種神話可能隱藏于所有歐洲神話之中。（42）德國(guó)裔英國(guó)學(xué)者馬克斯·穆勒得出結(jié)論：古代印度的《梨俱吠陀》文集反映的是一種最原始的印歐神話——《梨俱吠陀》文集是現(xiàn)存的用印歐語(yǔ)記載的量古老作品。穆勒把后來(lái)的所有神話歸結(jié)為人們的誤解，這些誤解源于早期人們用來(lái)描述自然現(xiàn)象的生動(dòng)語(yǔ)言。比如，用“少女的黎明”來(lái)表示“日出”最初使得黎明人格化，后來(lái)演變成有關(guān)少女的神話。

　　19世紀(jì)末期，英國(guó)的博物學(xué)家查爾斯·達(dá)爾文提出的進(jìn)化理論對(duì)神話的研究產(chǎn)生了重要影響。學(xué)者們研究神話的歷史，就像他們?yōu)榱搜芯窟b遠(yuǎn)的古代遺跡而研究化石表露的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造一樣。（43）在英國(guó)的人類學(xué)家愛(ài)德華·伯納德·泰勒的作品中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這種方式。在《原始文明》一書(shū)（1871年出版）中，泰勒把人類的宗教和哲學(xué)發(fā)展系統(tǒng)地分成單獨(dú)并且不同的進(jìn)化階段。同樣，英國(guó)的人類學(xué)家詹姆士·喬治·弗雷澤爾在《珍貴的樹(shù)枝》一書(shū)中提出了一個(gè)“三階段進(jìn)化示意圖”。根據(jù)弗雷澤爾的示意圖，起初，人們把自然現(xiàn)象歸結(jié)為反復(fù)無(wú)常的超自然力量（魔法），后來(lái)，把它們解釋為上帝的意愿（宗教），最后，把它們歸類為理性的研究（科學(xué)）。

　　英國(guó)學(xué)者威廉？羅伯遜·史密斯的研究報(bào)告——登載于1889年的《有關(guān)閃族人的宗教的演講》一文中——也對(duì)弗雷澤爾產(chǎn)生了影響。通過(guò)史密斯的作品，弗雷澤爾開(kāi)始認(rèn)為，許多神話源于古代農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)人們的宗教儀式習(xí)慣，對(duì)這些人來(lái)說(shuō)，植物的年輪意義非凡。（44）英國(guó)學(xué)者簡(jiǎn)·艾倫·哈里森把“神話和宗教儀式理論”發(fā)展得最完美，正如這種方式后來(lái)被命名的。應(yīng)用從法國(guó)社會(huì)學(xué)家埃米爾·德克海姆的作品中獲得的見(jiàn)解，哈里森認(rèn)為，所有神話都源于一個(gè)社會(huì)的共同宗教儀式。這種方式在英國(guó)人類學(xué)家A·R·拉德克利夫·布朗所謂的實(shí)用主義中達(dá)到了極點(diǎn)，拉德克利夫·布朗認(rèn)為，每一種神話都預(yù)示著一種宗教儀式，而每一種宗教儀式也暗示著一種神話。

　　18世紀(jì)和19世紀(jì)有關(guān)神話的大多數(shù)分析表現(xiàn)出一種把神話歸納成要點(diǎn)的趨勢(shì)——無(wú)論是自然、歷史事件還是宗教儀式的季節(jié)性循環(huán)。一旦敘述中的奇特要素被刪除，那么這種要點(diǎn)就可能得到保留。在20世紀(jì)，研究人員開(kāi)始更密切地關(guān)注敘述本身。（45）奧地利心理分析家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德認(rèn)為，神話濃縮了經(jīng)驗(yàn)素材，然后用符號(hào)把它表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，就像夢(mèng)一樣。

　　Sample Two

　　正確排序

　　41.[B]　 42.[E]　 43.[D]　 44.[C] 　45.[A]

　　篇章導(dǎo)讀

　　本文是一篇“對(duì)比與比較”型文章。作者在第1自然段提出了宇宙中外層空間探索生命體的話題。在第2、3、4自然段分析了哲學(xué)、生物學(xué)對(duì)此話題的觀點(diǎn)。在第5、6自然段對(duì)比性的提出了與上文相反的觀點(diǎn)。最后自然地給出了最后一段的結(jié)論。

　　思路解析

　　41「答案」[B]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少?gòu)囊韵氯齻�(gè)角度考慮。其一，本語(yǔ)段的話題為“哲學(xué)對(duì)于其他生命狀態(tài)的探索”。其二，本語(yǔ)段的第1個(gè)句子中的“we are not alone”緊密地承接了第1自然段的內(nèi)容。其三，本段與上一個(gè)段落構(gòu)成了總分關(guān)系，即“改變觀點(diǎn)”和“世界觀”。

　　42「答案」[E]

　　「解析」其一，本語(yǔ)段的話題為“生物學(xué)對(duì)于其他生命狀態(tài)的闡釋”。其二，本語(yǔ)段的第1個(gè)句子中的“biologists”和“molecules”承接了上一段最后一句的內(nèi)容，即“chemical steps”。其三，本段與上一個(gè)段落構(gòu)成了對(duì)比與比較關(guān)系，即“哲學(xué)與生物學(xué)對(duì)于外層生命狀態(tài)的觀點(diǎn)”。

　　43「答案」[D]

　　「解析」其一，本語(yǔ)段的話題為“進(jìn)化”。其二，本語(yǔ)段的第1個(gè)句子承接了上一個(gè)段落的內(nèi)容。其三，本段與上一個(gè)段落構(gòu)成了“比較”關(guān)系，段首的“similar reasoning”為邏輯連接表達(dá)。

　　44「答案」[C]

　　「解析」其一，本語(yǔ)段的話題為“生物學(xué)上對(duì)進(jìn)化的相反觀點(diǎn)”。其二，本語(yǔ)段開(kāi)頭部分的“view”和“self-organization”承接了上一段的內(nèi)容。其三，本段與上一個(gè)段落構(gòu)成了對(duì)比關(guān)系，段首的“however”為邏輯連接表達(dá)。

　　45「答案」[A]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少?gòu)囊韵氯齻�(gè)角度考慮。其一，本語(yǔ)段的話題為“問(wèn)題的爭(zhēng)議”。其二，本語(yǔ)段的第1個(gè)句子承接了上一個(gè)自然段最后一句的內(nèi)容，“issues （爭(zhēng)議）”與“rival paradigms（爭(zhēng)議）”構(gòu)成了銜接性的照應(yīng)。其三，本段與上文構(gòu)成了總結(jié)關(guān)系，而且從最后一個(gè)段落來(lái)看，也能構(gòu)成上下文的一致和連貫。

　　參考譯文

　　[G]一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)地球之外有生命，不僅會(huì)改變科學(xué)，也會(huì)改變我們的宗教，我們的信仰體系，以及我們整體的世界觀。因?yàn)�，尋找地球以外的生命，從某個(gè)角度來(lái)看，其實(shí)是人類對(duì)自我的尋找——我們是什么？在無(wú)垠的宇宙中，我們扮演什么角色？

　　41.[B]與大眾觀點(diǎn)相反，人類對(duì)“我們?cè)谟钪嬷锌赡懿皇枪陋?dú)的”這方面的揣測(cè)，其實(shí)和哲學(xué)本身一樣古老。這一方面的推理，有幾個(gè)基本步驟，建立在古希臘哲學(xué)家德謨克利特的原子論上。第一：自然律是有普遍性的。第二：地球本身沒(méi)有什么特別、專寵之處。第三：有可能發(fā)生的事，大自然就傾向于讓它發(fā)生。哲學(xué)歸哲學(xué)，物理方面的細(xì)節(jié)還需要填補(bǔ)。天文學(xué)家愈來(lái)愈趨向于這個(gè)假設(shè)：宇宙間適合生物生存的行星可能有很多。雖然如此，學(xué)者仍然不了解造成生命起源的化學(xué)變化步驟。

　　42.[E]從前的生物學(xué)家認(rèn)為生命是非常態(tài)的——分子排列是從億兆分之一機(jī)率中產(chǎn)生的意外排比結(jié)果。因此，同樣的意外在宇宙別處重復(fù)發(fā)生的可能性趨近于零。這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)來(lái)自于熱力學(xué)第二定律。這條定律預(yù)測(cè)宇宙正走向死亡——緩慢地，不可避免地崩解到完全的混亂。生命現(xiàn)象違反這個(gè)趨向，只因?yàn)檫@純屬統(tǒng)計(jì)上的偶然現(xiàn)象。

　　43.[D]同樣的推理也適用于進(jìn)化論。按照正統(tǒng)的說(shuō)法，達(dá)爾文式的物競(jìng)天擇是完全盲目的。人類觀感上認(rèn)為從微生物演變到人類的過(guò)程是“進(jìn)步”，這只是我們的優(yōu)越感作祟。進(jìn)化的路線只不過(guò)是在無(wú)數(shù)的可能方向中隨機(jī)進(jìn)行。果真如此，就沒(méi)有所謂的方向，沒(méi)有所謂內(nèi)在的前進(jìn)力量。尤其是，沒(méi)有推動(dòng)意識(shí)與智慧前進(jìn)的動(dòng)力。假如地球被一顆小行星擊中，所有的高等生物都被摧毀了。那么，下一輪的演化，幾乎可以肯定不會(huì)產(chǎn)生有智慧的生物，更不會(huì)有類似人類這種生物的誕生。

　　44.[C]可是，也有人持相反的看法，而且聲勢(shì)越來(lái)越強(qiáng)，直接挑戰(zhàn)到正統(tǒng)生物學(xué)。這種看法就是：經(jīng)由自我組織的過(guò)程，可以自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生出復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)。如果物質(zhì)與能量有內(nèi)在的傾向，能自我擴(kuò)張，導(dǎo)向復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)，那么生命的形成以及隨后而來(lái)的智能的演化，可能性就大幅升高了。“自我組織”論是否適用于生物學(xué)引起激烈的辯論。可是我們可以看出來(lái)，盡管整個(gè)宇宙可能走向死亡，但在自然的本質(zhì)中還是可能有進(jìn)步的趨向。這兩種互相沖突的理論模式，孰是孰非？在地球以外如果也存在其它生命，尤其是有智慧的生命，就是最關(guān)鍵的證據(jù)。

　　45.[A]這些問(wèn)題也和傳統(tǒng)的宗教教條直接沖突。許多人仍然堅(jiān)持相信生命的起源必須經(jīng)由獨(dú)特的神意行使。可是，萬(wàn)一地球上的生命不是獨(dú)一無(wú)二的，那么“神跡創(chuàng)造生命”之說(shuō)就站不住腳了。如果在火星上發(fā)現(xiàn)生命，哪怕是一只不起眼的細(xì)菌，只要能證明它是獨(dú)立于地球生命之外而產(chǎn)生的，就能大力支持自然起源說(shuō)。

　　[F]從歷史上來(lái)看，任何有關(guān)地球以外生命的討論，都被羅馬天主教視為異端邪說(shuō)。哲學(xué)家布魯諾在1600年被綁在木樁上燒死，原因之一就是他猜想可能有其他有生命的世界存在。凡是一神論的宗教，都很強(qiáng)調(diào)要相信人類與神的特殊關(guān)系。如果一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)有外星生物存在，尤其是這些生物在智慧與精神方面比人類更先進(jìn)，這種一廂情愿的看法，就會(huì)不攻而破。

　　Sample Three

　　篇章導(dǎo)讀

　　本文談?wù)摰闹行氖蔷徑鈮毫Φ姆椒�。使用的主要思維方式是“一般——特殊型”。從各個(gè)側(cè)面談?wù)摿巳绾斡行У鼐徑鈮毫ΑＷ⒁庠谧龃祟愵}型時(shí)，一般不要從專有名詞的照應(yīng)角度去看。從這種角度去看往往會(huì)落入命題干擾的“陷阱”。語(yǔ)義的一致性是最基本的原則。

　　思路解析

　　41「答案」[C]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少?gòu)囊韵氯齻�(gè)角度考慮。其一，從本語(yǔ)段話題概念來(lái)看，選項(xiàng)中的“carbohydrates（碳水化合物）”與原文中的“food”等構(gòu)成了篇章的詞匯銜接關(guān)系。其二，從論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)的論證關(guān)系來(lái)看，本論據(jù)說(shuō)明的就是食物對(duì)于緩解壓力的作用。其三，注意本段中上下義詞的關(guān)系分析。

　　42「答案」[B]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少?gòu)囊韵氯齻�(gè)角度考慮。其一，從本語(yǔ)段話題概念來(lái)看，選項(xiàng)中的“aerobic exercise”與原文中的“run”等構(gòu)成了篇章的詞匯銜接關(guān)系。其二，從論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)的論證關(guān)系來(lái)看，本論據(jù)說(shuō)明的就是鍛煉對(duì)于緩解壓力的功能。其三，注意本語(yǔ)段“鍛煉”概念在原文的表達(dá)方式分析。

　　43「答案」[D]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少?gòu)囊韵氯齻�(gè)角度考慮。其一，從本語(yǔ)段話題角度來(lái)看，歸納本選項(xiàng)中的內(nèi)容，不難看出寫作的主要目的是為了說(shuō)明調(diào)整看待問(wèn)題角度的好處。其二，注意作者在本語(yǔ)段的寫作中大量使用了疑問(wèn)句，分析其在段落中的功能或作者表達(dá)的深層含義。其三，本語(yǔ)段與原文的已知部分共同作為論據(jù)支持了該段標(biāo)題的論點(diǎn)。

　　44「答案」[F]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少?gòu)囊韵氯齻�(gè)角度考慮。其一，從本語(yǔ)段話題概念來(lái)看，選項(xiàng)中的“l(fā)aughter”、“comedian”與原文中的“the light side”、“joke”等構(gòu)成了篇章的詞匯銜接關(guān)系。其二，從論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)的論證關(guān)系來(lái)看，本論據(jù)闡明了輕松看待問(wèn)題的效果。其三，注意分析本語(yǔ)段中“幽默”概念的相關(guān)表達(dá)。

　　45「答案」[E]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少?gòu)囊韵氯齻�(gè)角度考慮。其一，從本語(yǔ)段話題角度來(lái)看，選項(xiàng)中的“some breathing space”與原文中的“a timeout”等構(gòu)成了篇章的詞匯銜接關(guān)系。其二，從論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)的論證關(guān)系來(lái)看，本論據(jù)說(shuō)明的就是留給自己休息時(shí)間對(duì)減輕壓力的重要性。其三，注意分析各個(gè)發(fā)展段落與全文第1、2自然段之間的內(nèi)在的、分析性的思維關(guān)系。

　　干擾分析

　　選項(xiàng)[A]分析。本選項(xiàng)的意義為：有20%的成年人發(fā)脾氣的頻率高得足以威脅他們的健康，威廉斯認(rèn)為他便是這些人中的一個(gè)。但是每個(gè)人都可以試一下他應(yīng)付引人發(fā)怒的刺激因素的方法——且不只局限在工作環(huán)境中。雖然就壓力和健康的話題來(lái)說(shuō)，與原文有一定的相關(guān)性，但是本選項(xiàng)從功能來(lái)看不能為原文論點(diǎn)提供充分的論證。

　　參考譯文

　　冬日惡劣的天氣、白晝時(shí)間的縮短和家庭的需求等都可能加劇人的壓力感。據(jù)美國(guó)壓力學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)保羅·羅施博士透露，美國(guó)中西部某頭痛診所曾報(bào)道，與一年中其它的六周時(shí)間段相比，在從感恩節(jié)到圣誕節(jié)這六周時(shí)間里，感到緊張和周期性偏頭痛的人增加了40%.

　　目前許多醫(yī)生在接受緩解緊張和壓力方面的技術(shù)培訓(xùn)。但他們自己又使用哪些方法呢？在這里，一些優(yōu)秀的健康專家與我們分享他們最喜歡用的緩解壓力的方法。方法共有六種，它們是：

　�。�41）食物鎮(zhèn)靜法。當(dāng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)生化學(xué)家朱迪思·沃爾特曼受到壓力困擾時(shí)，她所做的和這個(gè)季節(jié)里其他人所做的沒(méi)什么兩樣：吃些東西。但她吃的是一兩塊有益于健康的米糕。[C]“我的研究結(jié)果表明，碳水化合物能提高大腦中調(diào)節(jié)情緒的化學(xué)血清素的水平，這對(duì)整個(gè)人體都起到鎮(zhèn)靜作用，”這位麻省理工學(xué)院的科學(xué)家說(shuō)，“因此壓力的癥狀諸如憤怒、緊張、易怒、無(wú)法集中精力等便被緩解了�！�

　　（42）跑步避開(kāi)你的問(wèn)題�？夏崴肌�H·庫(kù)珀醫(yī)生用每天下班后跑步的方法應(yīng)付自己所面臨的壓力。[B]這位專家認(rèn)為：“增氧健身運(yùn)動(dòng)是驅(qū)除壓力和從工作過(guò)渡到家庭生活的最佳方法。”但他提醒說(shuō)，不要讓運(yùn)動(dòng)本身變成壓力。即使輕度的活動(dòng)——譬如說(shuō)每天散步半個(gè)小時(shí)——也有利于強(qiáng)健體魄，調(diào)節(jié)情緒�！斑@便是我告訴患者務(wù)必每天遛狗的原因，”他笑著說(shuō)，“即使他們沒(méi)有狗。”

　�。�43）調(diào)整看問(wèn)題的方法。梅奧診所應(yīng)付壓力專家，心理學(xué)家約翰·泰勒駕車駛?cè)脶t(yī)院準(zhǔn)備投入一天緊張的工作時(shí)，他看到他微型汽車的汽油更換指示燈啪地一聲打開(kāi)了。他面對(duì)的是不間斷會(huì)見(jiàn)病人的日程表，下班后還要去接三歲的孩子�！拔腋械椒浅＞o張”，他回憶說(shuō)，接著他試用他驅(qū)趕壓力的方法。他問(wèn)自己，這是生死攸關(guān)的問(wèn)題嗎？不是，油完全可以下個(gè)星期去換。[D]他告訴患者只做那些不做就會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重的事情�！澳悴幌茨切┮路�就會(huì)死去嗎？”他問(wèn)。他特別提出，每天應(yīng)留半小時(shí)做你喜歡做的事情，給自己重新充電。尤其是在假日里，放下一些日常的家務(wù)事，為與家人和朋友相處留些時(shí)間。

　　（44）朝輕松的方面看。作家兼教育家喬爾·古德曼和幾位憂慮的病人親戚們一起乘坐一輛旅館免費(fèi)接客車。司機(jī)開(kāi)始給飽嘗壓力的乘客們講笑話。“后為他變了幾個(gè)小戲法使我和母親笑了起來(lái)。”古德曼說(shuō)，“在乘車的五分鐘內(nèi)，他教會(huì)我們幽默可以緩解壓力”。[F]古德曼被自己這段經(jīng)歷所打動(dòng)，對(duì)笑的力量進(jìn)行了研究。他認(rèn)為：“開(kāi)心的笑可以放松肌肉、降低血壓、抑制與壓力有關(guān)的荷爾蒙的分泌并增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)。”在他的研討會(huì)上，他讓客人們自問(wèn)他們最喜歡的喜劇演員會(huì)如何看待這個(gè)讓人感到壓力的處境。

　�。�45）給自己留出休息時(shí)間。超負(fù)荷的日程表是導(dǎo)致憂慮的主要原因。這種壓力的產(chǎn)生可以通過(guò)提前做準(zhǔn)備加以阻止。[E]心臟病學(xué)專家雷·羅森曼在舊金山芒特·蔡恩醫(yī)院做內(nèi)科副主任時(shí)，他每天在日程表中留出半小時(shí)。“如果有急論，我就把這段時(shí)間留給病人，”《甲種行為與你的心臟》的合著者羅森曼說(shuō)，“不然我就用這半小時(shí)回電話或翻看信件。你雖然不可能控制所有的事情，但你可以控制你的日程表，給自己留出一點(diǎn)休息的時(shí)間�！�

　　做點(diǎn)禱告�？屏_拉多州博爾德市的心理學(xué)家和醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)家瓊·博里森科主張，因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)人花費(fèi)太多時(shí)間為過(guò)去感到極度痛苦或?yàn)閷��?lái)感到憂慮，所以減輕壓力的關(guān)鍵在于學(xué)會(huì)如何使現(xiàn)在的生活富有激情。

　　“要做到這一點(diǎn)，依靠某種儀式是有益處的，”博里森科說(shuō)。她感到最放松的時(shí)候是“我每天早晨所祈禱時(shí)”。禱告已顯示出可使新甲腎上腺素和腎上腺素這類造成壓力的荷爾蒙減少。

　　但要記住，博里森科說(shuō)，醫(yī)生無(wú)法打開(kāi)病人的“內(nèi)在愈合系統(tǒng)。”那種內(nèi)在的平靜只有通過(guò)你自己的努力才能達(dá)到。如果你飽受壓力之苦，就自己行動(dòng)起來(lái)吧。

　　Sample Four

　　篇章導(dǎo)讀

　　本文為一篇“一般——特殊型”思維的文章。文章主要談?wù)摰氖菞鳂?shù)的傳說(shuō)。篇章具體談?wù)摿藗髡f(shuō)、加拿大人對(duì)楓樹(shù)的喜愛(ài)、楓樹(shù)的象征意義和楓樹(shù)一詞的詞源探索等方面。

　　思路解析

　　41「答案」[E]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少?gòu)囊韵氯齻�(gè)角度考慮。其一，從本語(yǔ)段話題角度來(lái)看，選項(xiàng)中的“The popularity of the maple in a favorite myth.”與原文段落的“The maple looms large in Ojibwa folk tales”構(gòu)成同義轉(zhuǎn)述的關(guān)系。其二，從分析性思維的角度來(lái)看，本段詳盡地談?wù)摿艘粋�(gè)被受歡迎的傳說(shuō)。其三，本語(yǔ)段承接了上文所引出的關(guān)于楓樹(shù)傳說(shuō)的話題。

　　42「答案」[D]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少?gòu)囊韵氯齻�(gè)角度考慮。其一，從本語(yǔ)段話題角度來(lái)看，選項(xiàng)中的內(nèi)容為原文主題句的同義表達(dá)。注意不能選擇錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)[F].其二，從分析性思維的角度來(lái)看，本段詳盡討論了Nokomis在楓樹(shù)的幫助下戰(zhàn)勝了wendigos惡魔的過(guò)程。其三，本語(yǔ)段與上一個(gè)段落共同闡述了傳說(shuō)的故事內(nèi)容。

　　43「答案」[A]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少?gòu)囊韵氯齻�(gè)角度考慮。其一，從本語(yǔ)段話題角度來(lái)看，選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容為原文信息的推理和歸納，即楓樹(shù)對(duì)加拿大文化的影響。其二，從分析性思維的角度來(lái)看，本段作者著重談?wù)摿?a target="_blank" class="infotextkey">加拿大人對(duì)楓樹(shù)的喜愛(ài)。其三，本語(yǔ)段與上段最后的句群有很好的一致性。

　　44「答案」[C]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少?gòu)囊韵氯齻�(gè)角度考慮。其一，從本語(yǔ)段話題角度來(lái)看，選項(xiàng)中的“contemplation”概念為原文“suspect”、“speculate”等概念的歸納。其二，從分析的角度來(lái)看，本段作者著重談?wù)摿俗约簩?duì)于楓樹(shù)在世界范圍分布的看法和觀點(diǎn)。其三，本語(yǔ)段與上一個(gè)段落共同闡述了人們對(duì)楓樹(shù)看法。

　　45「答案」[B]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少?gòu)囊韵氯齻�(gè)角度考慮。其一，從本語(yǔ)段話題角度來(lái)看，選項(xiàng)中的“token”概念為原文“imagination”、“emblem”“poem”、“symbol”等等概念的歸納。其二，從分析性思維的角度來(lái)看，作者探索了楓樹(shù)成為加拿大象征的來(lái)源。其三，本語(yǔ)段內(nèi)使用的是總分邏輯。此外注意最后兩個(gè)自然段之間話題的一致性和語(yǔ)義的連貫性。

　　參考譯文

　�。�1）對(duì)加拿大人來(lái)說(shuō)，秋天篝火中燃燒的楓樹(shù)冒出的煙氣就是薰香。糖楓樹(shù)給人帶來(lái)?yè)浔堑南銡�，耀眼�?a target="_blank" class="infotextkey">色彩和令人咂舌回味的甘甜，它促使我寫下這篇文章，告訴大家我最喜愛(ài)的一個(gè)神話以及“maple”（楓樹(shù)）一詞的獨(dú)特詞源。

　�。�2）在奧吉布瓦族印第安人的民間傳說(shuō)里，楓樹(shù)總會(huì)赫然顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)，占有重要的地位。每年熬制楓糖的時(shí)節(jié)就“在‘楓樹(shù)月’里”。在奧吉布瓦人的心目中，最原始的女性形象是一個(gè)聰明的老奶奶，名叫諾柯米絲。有一個(gè)關(guān)于四季輪回的傳說(shuō)講到，一群叫溫迪格的食人惡鬼在秋天的鄉(xiāng)野追趕諾柯米絲。溫迪格們是在滴水成冰的嚴(yán)寒里生長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的。它們侵入人體時(shí)，人的心臟就凍成冰塊。在這個(gè)故事里，溫迪格們代表將要來(lái)臨的冬天。它們正在追逐可憐的諾柯米絲，要把她殺死吃掉，因?yàn)樗�像夏天一樣已�?jīng)衰老。

　�。�3）諾柯米絲知道，她若是被抓則必死無(wú)疑，于是她運(yùn)用智謀蒙蔽那群冷酷的惡鬼。她躲進(jìn)一片紅色、橙色、深黃色的楓樹(shù)林里。樹(shù)林長(zhǎng)在一掛瀑布旁邊，瀑布的水霧使樹(shù)林的輪廓變得模糊。當(dāng)那些口滴饞涎的溫迪格們透過(guò)水霧費(fèi)力地窺探時(shí)，以為看見(jiàn)了一團(tuán)熊熊的烈火，以為自己追逐的獵物正在烈火中燃燒。其實(shí)諾柯米絲老奶奶只不過(guò)是被她的楓樹(shù)朋友用紅得發(fā)亮的葉子掩蔽起來(lái)了。于是溫迪格們不追了，它們流著口水，喘著粗氣，口水頃刻結(jié)成了冰，呵氣頃刻凝成了霜；它們就這樣走了，去尋找更容易捕獲的獵物。那些楓樹(shù)由于救了大地母親諾柯米絲的命而得到了上天的特別恩賜：它們的生命液將永遠(yuǎn)甘甜，加拿大人將汲取這汁液來(lái)獲取營(yíng)養(yǎng)。

　　（4）楓樹(shù)和楓糖漿甜蜜地進(jìn)入了加拿大式幽默之中。魁北克省人以“sirop d‘erable”親切地稱呼楓糖漿，而對(duì)各種含有黏乎乎葡萄糖液的仿制楓糖漿，總要加上一個(gè)帶強(qiáng)烈貶意的詞，把這種含糖的“冒牌貨”叫作“sirop de Poteau”，意為“電線桿糖漿”或“死樹(shù)糖漿”。

　�。�5）有人說(shuō)，楓糖漿只是北美洲才有，我認(rèn)為這種說(shuō)法不可信。中國(guó)有近百種楓樹(shù)，比世界上任何國(guó)家都多。加拿大只有十個(gè)原生的品種。誠(chéng)然，北美洲有幸成為汁液最甜、流量最多的糖楓故鄉(xiāng)。可是，要是說(shuō)在中國(guó)幾千年的歷史上，善于創(chuàng)新的中國(guó)人從來(lái)沒(méi)有采過(guò)楓樹(shù)的汁液，沒(méi)有嘗過(guò)它的味道，我們能相信嗎？我想他們是嘗過(guò)的。那些最早跨過(guò)白令海峽“陸橋”來(lái)北美洲和南美洲繁衍生息的原始印第安人，有沒(méi)有可能帶來(lái)關(guān)于楓糖漿的知識(shí)呢？中文里有沒(méi)有表述楓糖漿的古老詞語(yǔ)呢？中國(guó)文學(xué)里有沒(méi)有提到楓糖漿呢？我這個(gè)不懂中文的人對(duì)這些問(wèn)題有些望而怯步，但也不是找不到答案。

　　（6）有一點(diǎn)是肯定的，楓樹(shù)總是牽動(dòng)著我們民族的想象力。早在1700年，楓葉就被用作“新法蘭西”殖民地的徽記了。到了19世紀(jì)中期，楓葉已成為英屬加拿大省份的徽記了。1867年秋季，多倫多市一個(gè)名叫亞歷山大·繆爾的小學(xué)教師疲憊地走在市區(qū)的一條大街上，整個(gè)路面覆蓋著一層松軟的落葉，踩在腳下發(fā)出撲哧、撲哧的聲響。他走著走著，突然間一片楓葉落到他的外衣袖子上，粘住了。當(dāng)天晚上，他在家寫下一首詩(shī)，并譜了曲，以慶祝加拿大自治領(lǐng)成立�？姞杽�(chuàng)作的這首名為《永遠(yuǎn)的楓葉》的歌曲，受到公眾的熱烈歡迎，它還把楓葉這個(gè)象征物與加拿大緊密地聯(lián)系在一起。

　�。�7）“maple”（楓樹(shù)）來(lái)自古英語(yǔ)表述楓樹(shù)的詞，“mapeltreow”�！癿aple”的原始日爾曼語(yǔ)詞根是mapl-.這是一個(gè)復(fù)合詞根，我相信它的第一部分m-就是那幾乎遍及全世界的ma，即人類最早發(fā)出的聲音之一，也就是嬰兒撅起嘴唇要吮吸母乳時(shí)發(fā)出的聲音。Ma這個(gè)詞根在世界上許多語(yǔ)言里都有，構(gòu)成了幾千個(gè)詞，如“mama”（媽媽）、“mammary”（乳房的）、“maia”（母親[源于希臘神話]）、“Amazon”（亞馬遜族女武士）等。在這里，它可以使mapl-指“有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的母親樹(shù)”，也就是說(shuō)，一棵有著營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富的楓液的樹(shù)。這個(gè)復(fù)合詞根的第二部分apl-，是印歐語(yǔ)系的abel的變體，意為“任何樹(shù)產(chǎn)的水果”，它也是英語(yǔ)中另一個(gè)表示水果的詞“apple”（蘋果）的詞源。因此，這種原始的類比法就使楓葉的汁液與另一種有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的汁液——母乳——相媲美了。