新大綱對(duì)寫作的新要求

　　小作文 10分 80—100字文章

　　小作文寫作的范圍信函letter，報(bào)告report，備忘memo，摘要abstract

　　信函包括：詢問信、建議信、求職信、推薦信、邀請(qǐng)信、投訴信、辭職信、感謝信、道歉信。

　　大作文 15分 情景短文，根據(jù)要求寫一篇字?jǐn)?shù)大約在150/200 words的議論文

　　小作文評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：

　　第五檔(9—10分)很好的完成了試題包含了所有的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn);使用豐富的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯;語(yǔ)言自然流暢，語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤極少;格式和語(yǔ)法恰當(dāng)貼切

　　第四檔(7—8分)較好地完成了試題規(guī)定的任務(wù);包含所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，允許漏掉一，兩個(gè)次重點(diǎn);使用較豐富的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯;語(yǔ)言基本準(zhǔn)確，只有在試圖使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)才有個(gè)別錯(cuò)誤。

　　第三檔(5—6分)基本完成了試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)，雖漏掉一些內(nèi)容，但包含了多數(shù)內(nèi)容要點(diǎn);應(yīng)用的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯能滿足任務(wù)的要求;有一些語(yǔ)法及詞匯錯(cuò)誤，但不影響理解。

　　第二檔(3—4分)未能按要求完成試題規(guī)定的任務(wù);漏掉或未能闡述一些內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，寫了一些無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容;語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)單調(diào)，詞匯項(xiàng)目有限;有較多的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面的錯(cuò)誤，影響了對(duì)寫作內(nèi)容的理解。

　　檔(1—2分)未完成試題規(guī)定的任務(wù);明顯遺漏主要內(nèi)容，且有許多不相關(guān)的內(nèi)容;語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目和詞匯的使用單調(diào)，重復(fù);語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤多。

　　小結(jié)：

　　1. 內(nèi)容切題，包括提綱或圖畫的全部要點(diǎn)和信息

　　2. 表達(dá)清楚，意思連貫

　　3. 用詞正確，句式有變化，語(yǔ)言比較規(guī)范

　　4. 文章的字?jǐn)?shù)符合要求)

　　閱卷老師評(píng)分的三個(gè)主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

　　1. 語(yǔ)言： 語(yǔ)言主要是時(shí)態(tài)，主謂一致;語(yǔ)言要豐富多彩，盡量使用同義詞語(yǔ)替換;句式也要求豐富多變，不要拘泥于主—謂—賓結(jié)構(gòu)，長(zhǎng)短句結(jié)合為宜。

　　2. 結(jié)構(gòu)。文章往往采用“總—分—總”的關(guān)系，英語(yǔ)文章先論點(diǎn)后論證，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。

　　It is no exaggeration to say that telecommunications bring huge benefits and great convenience to our daily life. For instance, telephone makes it possible for people in different places to talk to one another; and mobile phone and e-mail even brings us much more convenience by enabling us to communicate with others regardless of time and place. Furthermore, thanks to the rapid growth of telecommunications, business corporations and government officials can manage their affairs far more efficiently through phone, fax, and on-line computer. It is an even more important information source for those research workers. Thus, we may say that modern life would be unimaginable without telecommunications.

　　3. 內(nèi)容：觀點(diǎn)和思想不要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新，但一定要體現(xiàn)正向的心態(tài)，觀點(diǎn)不宜特例獨(dú)行。

　　寫作(12—15分鐘)

　　1. 結(jié)構(gòu)與功能對(duì)應(yīng)原則

　　在寫小作文過程中，應(yīng)時(shí)刻牢記：應(yīng)用文的實(shí)用性很強(qiáng)，最重要的特點(diǎn)就是結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的對(duì)應(yīng)原則。

　　2. 模板句活用原則

　　3. 檢查(2—3分鐘)

　　格式檢查：應(yīng)用文對(duì)格式是有很高的要求的，書信中前有日期、稱呼語(yǔ)后有結(jié)束語(yǔ)

　　拼寫語(yǔ)法是否錯(cuò)誤：檢查時(shí)看看有沒有語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和拼寫錯(cuò)誤。不影響卷面的整潔

　　== 大小作文必備的語(yǔ)法 ==：

　　1. 過去成時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)之前已完成的動(dòng)作或狀況。在時(shí)間上, 它屬于“過去的過去”。

　　a. No sooner had the foot ball game begun than it started raining

　　b. Hardly/Scarcely had I arrived when I began to write to you.

　　c. By the end of 2008, the number of users of mobile phones had reached up to 1.2 billions.

　　2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示目前已完成的動(dòng)作或剛剛完成的動(dòng)作。

　　Otherwise, we will pay a heavy price for what we have done sooner or later.

　　還有up to now, so far, these days, for, since 等…(后接一段時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)),

　　a. So far I haven't heard of anybody who wants stop living on account of the cost.

　　迄今為止，我從未聽說(shuō)過有人因生活費(fèi)過昂而不要生存下去的。

　　b. Up to now the number of users of cell phones has reached up to 1.2 billions around the world.

　　c. In some countries，economic growth has been even more rapid. In Japan，for instance，average income has doubled in/over the past 20 years，and in South Korea it has doubled in/over the past 10 years

　　3. 將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示將來(lái)某時(shí)前已完成的動(dòng)作, 它與可用來(lái)表示推測(cè)。

　　a. I hope that you will have solved my problems by the end of the next week.

　　b. By the end of next year, many more high-rises will have been built around there.

　　4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) “一直在” have/has been doing

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)間時(shí)表示從過去某時(shí)開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。此動(dòng)作或情況可能已停止, 也可能繼續(xù)下經(jīng)也可表示剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作。 It has been raining this week.

　　a. … has, undoubtedly, been playing a significant role in our life as well as our work.(undoubtedly=there is no doubt that…)

　　b In recent years, the volunteering spirit has been spreading among the Chinese people, especially among youngsters.

　　特別提醒：同學(xué)們，記住了在寫作中會(huì)熟練使用完成時(shí)態(tài)和過去時(shí)嗎?

　　二.語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　英語(yǔ)又主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)兩種，英文多被動(dòng)，中文多主動(dòng)，所以我們寫英語(yǔ)作文時(shí)會(huì)有意識(shí)地用些被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)嗎?

　　a. It may be said without the fear of exaggeration that telecommunications bring huge convenience as well as large benefits to our daily life.

　　b. It is well known that … 大家知道(眾所周知)……/It is generally accepted that…./it is universally acknowledged that…

　　c. It must be pointed out that … 我們必須指出……

　　d. Along with the advance of our society, …is of great significance. As a matter of fact, not too much can be emphasized about the significance of ____.

　　e. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of

　　taking up the habit of smoking.

　　f. Special attention should be paid to the protection of rare animals.

　　特別提醒：英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)基本上都需要用中文的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)來(lái)理解---這是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在翻譯和閱讀中的應(yīng)用。其次，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在作文里應(yīng)用需要記住的是“必須意識(shí)到”、“必須指出”、“毫不夸張的說(shuō)”、“或許有人會(huì)認(rèn)為”等

　　三. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣

　　1. 請(qǐng)記住一下三種基本形式

　　a. If it were to rain tomorrow, the game would be put off.

　　b. If you did not solve my problems, I would complain about the quality of the shoes I bought.

　　c. If we hadn’t made adequate preparations last year, the conference wouldn’t have been so successful.

　　注意：混合式的虛擬語(yǔ)氣：If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now.

　　引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)條件從句的連詞if在正式文件中有時(shí)可以省去, were, had, should等非行為動(dòng)詞這時(shí)應(yīng)提到從句句首。

　　If I were you, I wouldn’t feel sorry. →Were I you, I wouldn’t feel sorry.

　　如果我要是經(jīng)理，我就會(huì)盡快解決電話費(fèi)用問題

　　Were I your manager, I would solve the problem of phone bill as soon as possible.

　　2. But for, without, with, 型的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

　　a. But for your help, I would not have been pleasant in America.

　　b. Our modern life would be un-imaginable without .

　　c. Our modern life would be un-imaginable with

　　d. It is extremely difficult to imagine what our modern life would be like without/with____.

　　3. It is necessary/essential/important/vital/natural that somebody should do sth /that something should be done.

　　a. It is vital that our government pass laws to ban fake diploma.

　　b. It is essential that effective measures should be taken to popularize our Chinese in the world.

　　4. 建議型/it is suggested/proposed/desired that somebody should do sth/ that something should be done

　　It is suggested that rare animals should be protected as friends of human beings.

　　5. I wish that 型

　　a. I wish that you would solve my problems as soon as possible.

　　b. I wish that I had visited USA last year.

　　c. I wish that I had a better job to make a living for myself as well as my family.

　　6. It is high time that 型 (該句式完全可以用在問題解決型的作文里)

　　It is high time that some measures were taken to (for example, ban and restrict …). First and foremost, it is vital that our government pass laws to . Secondly, media should play a significant role of educator in arousing people’s awareness of …. In addition, we everyone should be aware of the significance and seriousness of ____. The more I understand it, the better we can improve it for our society.

　　最后請(qǐng)記住

　　虛擬是英語(yǔ)作文的制勝法寶，閱卷老師也是大學(xué)教師，天天在課堂上跟學(xué)生強(qiáng)調(diào)虛擬語(yǔ)氣，加入在你的作文里用上了一個(gè)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句子，閱卷老師會(huì)多么心花怒放啊!

　　四，英語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式

　　It is …that…強(qiáng)調(diào)句式

　　注意, 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)不能用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和表語(yǔ)(強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)是do,does,did：I do love you)。

　　1. It was Chinese that is of great significance in our modern life other than our society.

　　2. It is how to ban and restrict the use of plastic bags that they discussed last week.

　　3. It was because he was too careless that he broke all the glasses.

　　4. It is in this room that I was born 30 years ago.

　　五.英語(yǔ)倒裝句式

　　a. Hardly/Scarcely had I arrived when I began to write to you.

　　b. With globalization have come many problems./With the development of society have come many problem, one of which is ….

　　c. only through____ can we solve it (only through our joint effort can we solve it as soon as possible).

　　d. Only when we realize the significance and seriousness of this problem can we solve it very well

　　e. So serious is this problem that we have no choice/alternative but to take some feasible measures to deal with it.

　　f. Not only does it reflect the improvement of our life, but also it mirrors the rapid development of our economy.

　　六.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

　　1. Can, could, be able to do sth/ can not do sth=fail to do sth/be unable to do sth

　　2. may, might, be likely to do sth/ may not do sth, be unlikely to do sth

　　3. must, have to

　　七. 形容詞和動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)的問題

　　To have good knowledge of globalization is indispensable for this conference.

　　Having good command of English is essential for this conference

　　What is important for this conference is to have good command of English

　　What is indispensable for this conference is to speak English fluently.

　　八. 散見在閱讀中的好句子

　　1. Is language，like food，a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged?

　　2. There is a new type of … becoming increasingly common in our study as well as our society.

　　3. The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is, of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also an indication of the growing importance of the job history), with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form.

　　4. There was a time when(In the past) job seekers simply wrote letters of application.

　　5. There is no doubt, however, that it is increasing number of applicants with university education that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.

　　6. …may become a tool which opens windows to the world, unlocks doors to the opportunities and expands our mind to new ideas.

　　想要報(bào)考MBA的同學(xué)可登陸育路MBA院校庫(kù)(http://koimdiupl.cn/mba/school/)查詢招生信息，并且可測(cè)試提前面試錄取幾率，也可添加老師微信（xyy558609）直接咨詢。

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