The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?
There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.
I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world's wealth increases.
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the US, when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as World Com, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing—witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of defending competition on issues that affect many other nations, as in the US vs. Microsoft case?
63. What is the typical trend of businesses today?
[A] To take in more foreign funds.
[B] To invest more abroad.
[C] To combine and become bigger.
[D] To trade with more countries.
64. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ________.
[A] the greater customer demands
[B] a surplus supply for the market
[C] a growing productivity
[D] the increase of the world's wealth
65. From paragraph 4 we can infer that ________.
[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs
[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous
[D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition
66. Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can be said to be ________.
[A] optimistic
[B] objective
[C] pessimistic
[D] biased
重點(diǎn)詞匯:
acquisition /7Akwi5ziFEn/(收購;獲得;獲得物)即acquisit+(t)ion,acquisit為acquire(v.獲得)之變形,-tion名詞后綴。
hyperactive /7haipE(:)5rAktiv/(過度活躍的)即hyper+active,hyper-前綴超過;過度(h脫落,元音y變u,即為uper),active活躍的。
unsurpassed /5QnsE(:)5pB:st/(未被超越的)即un+surpass+ed,un-否定前綴,surpass(v.超過)←sur前綴超+pass過,-ed形容詞后綴。If a pupil looks up at the teacher as a model, but not as a rival, he can never surpass the teacher.弟子如果視老師為榜樣而非對手,他就永遠(yuǎn)超不過老師。
concentration /7kCnsen5treiFEn/(集中;專心;濃度)即con+centr+ation,con-前綴一起,centr(=center)詞根中心,-ation名詞后綴,一起聚集在中心的→集中;專心。No fine work can be done without concentration and self-sacrifice and toil and doubt.沒有全神貫注、自我犧牲、辛勞和懷疑,就做不出優(yōu)秀的工作。concentration—the ability to do your son‘s homework while he is watching television專心-兒子看電視時(shí)你替他做家庭作業(yè)的本事。
multinational /mQlti5nAFEn(E)l/(跨國公司;跨國公司的)即multi+national,multi-前綴多(如multiple→multi+ple倍→v.加倍;多倍的;倍數(shù)),national國家的。
affiliate /E5filieit/(v.附屬;附屬機(jī)構(gòu))即af+fili+ate,af-加強(qiáng)前綴,fili諧音費(fèi)力,-ate后綴,想讓別人成為自己的附屬是很費(fèi)力的。
phenomenon /fi5nCminEn/(現(xiàn)象)復(fù)數(shù)形式為phenomena.Nature is by no means inferior to art, and no works of art is not the imitation of various phenomena of nature.自然絕對不低于藝術(shù),藝術(shù)作品無一不是對種種自然現(xiàn)象的模仿。
M&A(兼并與收購)即文中提到的mergers and acquisitions.
detrimental /7detri5mentl/(有害的)可看作detri+mental,detri諧音淡吃(滬方言,表示只吃飯而不吃菜),mental諧音饅頭,于是淡吃饅頭→天天只吃饅頭而不吃菜對身體是有害的。
megamerger /5me^EmE:dVE/(大兼并)←mega大+merger.
supervise /5sju:pEvaiz/(監(jiān)督;管理)←super在上面+vis看+e,參supervision(2002年Text 2)。
gigantic /dVai5^Antik/(巨大的)即gigant+ic,gigant(=giant)巨人,-ic形容詞后綴,巨人的→巨大的。He has a gignatic appetite, and eats gigantic meals.他食量很大,能吃很多食物。
infringement /in5frindVmEnt/(侵害)即in+fringe+ment,in-否定前綴,fringe(邊緣;劉海;穗),-ment名詞后綴,已經(jīng)不在邊緣→侵入內(nèi)部→侵害;infringe(v.侵害)←in+fringe.China‘s sovereignty and territorial integrity must not be infringed.中國的主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整決不允許侵犯。
pessimistic /7pesi5mistik/(悲觀的)即pessimist+ic,pessimist悲觀主義者,-ic形容詞后綴。pessimist—①a man who thinks that God created the earth in six days and then was laid off②an optimist with a sense of reality悲觀主義者-①一個(gè)認(rèn)為上帝用六天時(shí)間創(chuàng)造了世界,然后就被解雇了的人②具有現(xiàn)實(shí)感的樂觀主義者。
warn against告誡防范;take upon oneself承擔(dān)。
難句解析:
、買nternational affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment.▲本句的主干是International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies,后面的that open up and welcome foreign investment是economies的定語從句。
△注意一些詞匯的含義:affiliate名詞,意為分支機(jī)構(gòu),此處是指在世界各地都有分支的多國公司,并且是全句的主語;account for是……的原因;economies在此處指經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的國家概念,因此用復(fù)數(shù)。
、赥his phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.▲of smaller economic firms與of national businessmen都是the role的補(bǔ)語;而over the role of smaller economic firms,of national businessmen與over the ultimate stability of the world economy都與concern相關(guān)連,是其補(bǔ)語。
△本句的重點(diǎn)在于看好concerns后面的結(jié)構(gòu),注意over the role與over the ultimate stability并列,而the role的后面有兩個(gè)并列的of結(jié)構(gòu)。
、跧 believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands.▲本句主語為I,謂語為believe,that引導(dǎo)了believe的賓語從句,其中的又一個(gè)that可替換為as the ones that,是一個(gè)定語從句。冒號后面的部分是the most important forces的同位語,其中markets后面的that從句是markets的定語,capable of meeting customers' demands是operations的補(bǔ)語。
△underlie在下面,作基礎(chǔ);barriers障礙物,壁壘;operations經(jīng)營運(yùn)作;meet sb's demands滿足某人需求。
、蹵nd should one country take upon itself the role of defending competition on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case? ▲此句的主干是should one country take upon itself the role,而that affect many other nations是issues的定語從句。as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case是issues的補(bǔ)語。on issues是take upon itself the role的狀語。
△注意本句在閱讀的時(shí)候要抓住它本身是一個(gè)文句,另外,vs.的意思對正確理解也很重要,它是指對壘,對陣,在法律的情景中就是起訴,對簿公堂的意思。
試題解析:
63. [C]意為:合并并變得龐大。
第一段就指出,世界正在經(jīng)歷有史來比較大的合并和兼并熱潮,這一熱潮以前所未有的態(tài)勢席卷了異常活躍的美國和歐洲,并延伸到新經(jīng)濟(jì)國家。
A意為:吸收更多的外資。
B意為:更多地向海外投資。
D意為:與更多的國家做買賣。
64. [A]意為:顧客更大的需要。
第三段剖析了造成合并和兼并熱潮(M&A wave)的重要原因。在作者看來,這些因素和導(dǎo)致(經(jīng)濟(jì))日趨全球化的過程是一樣的,如:交通運(yùn)輸成本的日趨下降,貿(mào)易和投資障礙的減少,以及擴(kuò)大的市場:擴(kuò)大的市場需要市場業(yè)務(wù)的擴(kuò)大,以滿足顧客的需要。作者又總結(jié)說,所有這些因素都對顧客有益,而不會有害。在以上提到的三個(gè)因素中,包括了根據(jù)顧客的需要擴(kuò)大市場這個(gè)因素。
B意為:對市場的額外供給。
C意為:日益增長的生產(chǎn)率。
D意為:世界財(cái)富的增長。
以上提到的三個(gè)原因不包括B、C、D提到的內(nèi)容。
65. [D]意為:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油聯(lián)合公司可能曾對競爭形成過威脅。
第四段第一、二句提到,要找出目前合并熱潮帶來的利益和降低成本的例子還很困難,但是,如果現(xiàn)在有幾個(gè)石油公司合并,很難想像會再次產(chǎn)生近乎100年前所引起人們恐慌的對(公平)競爭的威脅,這一情況當(dāng)時(shí)是由于美國的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油聯(lián)合公司解體而造成的。
A意為:日益增長的合并熱潮肯定會損害顧客的利益。第四段第三、四、五句提到,像WorldCom這樣的電信公司合并幾乎沒有給消費(fèi)者帶來更高的價(jià)格,或減緩技術(shù)進(jìn)步的步伐,相反,通信業(yè)務(wù)的價(jià)格迅速降低;汽車工業(yè)也在合并,但也沒有跡象表明消費(fèi)者的利益受到傷害。
B意為:WorldCom是一個(gè)(合并)帶來利益和降低成本的好例子。參閱第四段第三句,這句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是價(jià)格沒有隨著合并而提高,并沒有提到價(jià)格降低問題,因此,合并雖然沒有傷害消費(fèi)者,也沒有給他們帶來利益。
C意為:全球化過程成本巨大。本段沒有涉及這方面的問題。
66. [B]意為:客觀的。
本文描述了目前的合并熱潮,第二段用數(shù)據(jù)證明了目前這種情況的現(xiàn)實(shí)存在,第三段解釋了造成這一現(xiàn)象的原因,第四段具體分析了合并熱潮的影響,認(rèn)為人們沒有必要擔(dān)心,但是在比較后一段,作者也提醒人們注意合并活動的動向?梢姡髡邲]有對合并熱潮過于悲觀或樂觀,而是提到了它可能產(chǎn)生的正反兩方面的影響,對這一現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生采取了審慎理智的客觀態(tài)度。
A意為:樂觀的。
C意為:悲觀的。
D意為:有偏見的。
全文翻譯:
世界正在經(jīng)歷一場前所未有的巨大的并購浪潮。這個(gè)浪潮從異;钴S的美國席卷到歐洲,并以不可比擬的威力影響到正在崛起的國家。這些國家的許多人面對這個(gè)浪潮開始憂慮:企業(yè)合并的浪潮會不會變成一股不可控制的反競爭的力量?
無疑,大企業(yè)正在變得更大、更強(qiáng)?鐕驹1982年只占有國際貿(mào)易不到20%的份額。而現(xiàn)在,這個(gè)數(shù)字上升到25%強(qiáng),并且還在迅速上升。在那些對外開放并鼓勵(lì)外資的國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)中國際分公司在國民生產(chǎn)中成為一個(gè)快速增長的部門。比如,在阿根廷,經(jīng)過90年代初的改革之后,跨國公司在200家大型企業(yè)的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中從43%增加到幾乎70%。這個(gè)現(xiàn)象造成了人們對小型企業(yè)和民族資本的作用以及世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的比較終穩(wěn)定的嚴(yán)重憂慮。
我認(rèn)為,推動這股巨大的并購浪潮的比較主要的力量,也是推動全球化進(jìn)程的力量,包括日趨下降的運(yùn)輸與通訊費(fèi)用,較低的貿(mào)易與投資壁壘,以及市場的擴(kuò)大和為滿足市場需求而進(jìn)行的擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)。所有這些對消費(fèi)者來說都有益而無害的。隨著生產(chǎn)力的提高,世界的財(cái)富也在增長。
目前證明這股合并浪潮是帶來利還是弊的實(shí)例并不多。但是很難想像當(dāng)今的幾個(gè)石油公司的合并是否會重新造成約100年前美國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油公司對競爭造成的同樣的威脅,那時(shí)由于人們對該公司的這種擔(dān)心而導(dǎo)致了它比較終的解散。像世界通訊這樣的通訊公司合并似乎沒有給消費(fèi)者帶來更高的價(jià)格,或者降低技術(shù)進(jìn)步的速度。相反,通信的價(jià)格在迅速下降。在汽車行業(yè),合并也同樣在增加-比如戴姆勒與克萊斯勒,雷諾與尼桑的合并-但消費(fèi)者看起來并未受到傷害。
但是合并運(yùn)動必須受到嚴(yán)密監(jiān)視這個(gè)事實(shí)仍然存在。就在幾星期以前,格林斯潘對銀行業(yè)的巨大合并發(fā)出了警告。如果合并后如此巨大的銀行出現(xiàn),誰來充當(dāng)比較終的借貸者,發(fā)揮監(jiān)督、規(guī)范和運(yùn)作的作用呢?當(dāng)一個(gè)國家對破壞公平競爭的行為的處理過于嚴(yán)厲時(shí),跨國公司會不會把它們的生產(chǎn)從一地轉(zhuǎn)到另一地呢?在那些將會影響許多其他國家的事情中,如美國政府與微軟公司的訴訟案,一個(gè)國家是否應(yīng)該擔(dān)負(fù)起保護(hù)競爭的責(zé)任呢?
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