英語(yǔ)試題中雖然沒(méi)有專(zhuān)門(mén)考察語(yǔ)法的題型,但在長(zhǎng)難句在閱讀寫(xiě)作中,語(yǔ)法無(wú)處不在。而考生復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ),語(yǔ)法也是必通關(guān)的基礎(chǔ)項(xiàng)目之一。根據(jù)歷年來(lái)看,新東方在線總結(jié)三大難點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法為大家詳解,一起來(lái)看下。
【as用法】
一、as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),既可以引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句,又可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。區(qū)分as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句和其它從句的關(guān)鍵特征是:as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在從句中做成分,通常做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。
1、as引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句。
如從句所修飾的名詞前有such、the same、as出現(xiàn),后面的定語(yǔ)從句將由as引導(dǎo),形成such...as,the same...as,as…as這樣的固定結(jié)構(gòu),譯為“和……一樣”。
例1:I never heard such stories as he told.
我從未聽(tīng)過(guò)他所講的那樣的故事。
例2:He’ll repeat such questions as are discussed in the book.
他將重復(fù)書(shū)中討論過(guò)的問(wèn)題。
例3:They made the same mistake as others would have made on such an occasion.
他們犯了和其他人在這種場(chǎng)合下會(huì)犯的同樣錯(cuò)誤。
2、as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。
as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,往往指代一整句話,通常表示“正如”的意思。as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位置相對(duì)比較靈活,可以位于先行詞之前、之后或中間。
例:As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth.
眾所周知,月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)。
二、as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句多用于口語(yǔ),強(qiáng)調(diào)“同一時(shí)間”或“一先一后”,有時(shí)還有“隨著”的含義。
例1:As I was going out, it began to rain.
當(dāng)我出門(mén)時(shí),開(kāi)始下雨了。(as強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生,不強(qiáng)調(diào)下雨的特定時(shí)間。)
例2:As time goes on, he will understand what I said.
隨著時(shí)間的推移,他會(huì)理解我所講的話。
三、as引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句
as表示“因?yàn)?rdquo;,與because相比,較口語(yǔ)化,所表達(dá)的原因語(yǔ)氣較弱,所表的原因比較明顯,或是已知的事實(shí)。
例1:As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
因?yàn)樘鞖馓愀,我們不得不推遲旅行。
例2:Any new source of energy will be very welcome, as there is already a shortage of petroleum.
任何新型能源都將大受歡迎,因?yàn)槭鸵呀?jīng)出現(xiàn)短缺。
四、as引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句
as表示“按照”,“以……方式”,“像……一樣”,“正如”。
例:Do as the Romans do when in Rome. 入鄉(xiāng)隨俗
注:as在引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),還常出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)固定的類(lèi)比結(jié)構(gòu)中:(just) as …, so…。這一句型表示類(lèi)比,基本含義是“正如……,所以……”。
例:Just as virtue is its own reward, so is vice its own punishment.
善有善報(bào),惡有惡報(bào)。
五、as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
as可以表示“盡管”,“雖然”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,但必須構(gòu)成倒裝。讓步狀語(yǔ)從句倒裝規(guī)則有兩類(lèi):
1、 形容詞/副詞/分詞/名詞(無(wú)冠詞)/介詞短語(yǔ)等+as+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,主句。
例1:Much as I like you, I couldn’t live with you.
我盡管很喜歡你,卻不能和你在一起生活。
例2:Child as he is, he knows to help others.
盡管他是個(gè)孩子,他懂得幫助別人。
2、動(dòng)詞原形+as+主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞(may/might, will/would, can/could, do/does/did),主句。
例:Try as we may, we cannot sense directly the television signal sent out from the broadcast station.
盡管我們費(fèi)了很大的勁,也無(wú)法直接覺(jué)察發(fā)射臺(tái)發(fā)出的電視信號(hào)。
六、as引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句
as引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句,其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是as…as。前一個(gè)as是副詞,后一個(gè)as是比較狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞。否定結(jié)構(gòu)為not so much … as …。
例1:Small as it is, the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth.
盡管螞蟻很小,但是它同地球上的任何其他動(dòng)物一樣,也是一種動(dòng)物。
例2:It was not so much the many blows he received as the lack of fighting spirit that led to his losing the game.
與其說(shuō)是他受到了許多打擊,還不如說(shuō)是缺乏斗志使他輸?shù)袅吮荣悺?/p>
【that用法】
一、that 作限定詞或代詞
that可以作限定詞或代詞連接名詞或名詞短語(yǔ),也可單獨(dú)使用,用以指代人或者物。此外,that不僅可以指代單獨(dú)的人或物,還可以指代一句話。
例:Furthermore, in the early days of long line fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now. [2006, text3]
分析:
A.分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)。Furthermore, in the early days of long line fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks //after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, //because there are fewer sharks around now.
第一個(gè)句子的主句為a lot of fish were lost to sharks,介詞短語(yǔ)in the early days of long line fishing作狀語(yǔ),after引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。第二個(gè)句子主句是That is no longer a problem, that為代詞,because引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
B.分析that指代。that指代第一句話,“a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked”,其中after引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
C.譯文:而且,在使用多鉤長(zhǎng)線捕魚(yú)的初期,許多魚(yú)被鉤住后又被鯊魚(yú)奪走。這不再是一個(gè)問(wèn)題,因?yàn)楦浇孽忯~(yú)更少了。
二、that作副詞表示程度,相當(dāng)于so
例:It isn’t all that cold. 天沒(méi)有那么冷。
三、that作連詞引導(dǎo)各類(lèi)從句
(一)that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句
that后面連接一個(gè)完整的陳述句,可以位于主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)的位置,分別引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。此時(shí),that沒(méi)有實(shí)意,而且不在從句中做任何成分。that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)不可以省略。
例1:That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. (主語(yǔ)從句)
地球板塊是在漂移的,這一事實(shí)毋庸置疑。
例2:The truth is that everyone should take care of orphan, not just the authorities.(表語(yǔ)從句)
事實(shí)是,所有人都應(yīng)該照顧孤兒,而不僅僅是完全由政府承擔(dān)。
例3:All people believed that it was right to rescue the temple. (賓語(yǔ)從句)(注:that可以省略)
所有人都認(rèn)為拯救古廟是正確的。
例4:The students expressed their hope that they could be admitted by that university.(同位語(yǔ)從句)
學(xué)生們表達(dá)了他們向被這所大學(xué)錄取的愿望。
(二)that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ),既可以指代人,也可以指代物。that在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。
例1:The professor that you admire most will visit our university next month.
你敬仰的那個(gè)教授下月會(huì)到我們學(xué)校參觀。
例2:This is one of the subways that will be put into use in two years.
這是未來(lái)兩年內(nèi)將開(kāi)通的地鐵之一。
例3:I have nothing that is worth reading.
我沒(méi)有什么值得一讀的東西。
(注:當(dāng)先行詞中有不定代詞、形容詞比較高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或者先行詞被the only,the very等限定詞修飾等情況下,定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞也只能用that。)
(三)that與其他單詞結(jié)合引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句
that可以和其他單詞結(jié)構(gòu)共同引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句,例如such...that,so...that等引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,in order that,so that等引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句,in that,now that,on the grounds that等引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,suppose/supposing/assume/assuming/provided/providing that,on condition that等引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句等。
例1:She has made such rapid progress that before long she could pass the exam.
她進(jìn)步很快,不久就能通過(guò)考試的。
例2:You should make full use of this opportunity so that you can get rich experience.
你應(yīng)該充分利用這次機(jī)會(huì),以便獲得豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
例3:Supposing that you were in my position, what would you do?
如果你在我的位置,你會(huì)怎么做?
例4:On condition that you were lost in the desert, you should ask for help as soon as possible.
如果你在沙漠中迷路,你應(yīng)該盡早尋求幫助。
(四)that引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句
“It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that從句”是高頻使用的一種強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,其中被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分可以作從句的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等。強(qiáng)調(diào)句中去掉“it is/was”和“that”后,句子成分和語(yǔ)義仍然完整。
例:It was after the war was over that Einstein was able to come back to his research work again.
戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后愛(ài)因斯坦才能重新進(jìn)行他的研究工作。
【倒裝句】
一、全部倒裝
(一)there be句型
有時(shí)一些表示存在意義的不及物動(dòng)詞也可用于該句型,如:stand, lie, exist, live, remain,appear, come, happen, occur, rise等。
例句:Generally, there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws. (選自2007年Use of English)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句,其中a belief與that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states互為同位語(yǔ)關(guān)系,形容詞短語(yǔ)large enough to be...作定語(yǔ)修飾states。
譯文:他們普遍認(rèn)為新生的國(guó)家是擁有主權(quán)和完全獨(dú)立的國(guó)家,大到經(jīng)濟(jì)上可運(yùn)行良好,并由一套共同法律讓各個(gè)新的獨(dú)立國(guó)家聯(lián)合起來(lái)。
(二)表示方向、地點(diǎn)的狀語(yǔ)等詞置于句首
here, there, up, down, away, in, out, off等位于句首時(shí),往往主謂倒裝。
例句: Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.(選自2002年Text 1)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句,which I heard at a nurses convention和which works well共同修飾story。
譯文:舉個(gè)例子,在一次護(hù)士大會(huì)上,我聽(tīng)到了一個(gè)效果很理想的幽默故事,因?yàn)槁?tīng)眾都對(duì)醫(yī)生持有相同的看法。
(三)作表語(yǔ)的形容詞或分詞置于句首
例句: Lying unconsciously under the tree was an old man aged 75.
分析:該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,aged 75修飾an old man,作后置定語(yǔ)。
譯文:一位75歲高齡的老人躺在樹(shù)下,已經(jīng)不省人事。
二、部分倒裝
(一)否定詞或具有(半)否定意義的詞或詞組置于句首作狀語(yǔ)
如:never, scarcely, hardly, rarely, seldom, little, no sooner...than,hardly...when,scarcely...when (before), not only, in no case (in no way, at no time, on no account, by no means,under no circumstances,in no respects)(決不,在任何情況下都不),no longer/no more (不再)。
例句: Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. (2005年第46題)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句,and前是一復(fù)合句,定語(yǔ)從句by which...修飾the means,后一分句中never置于句首引起倒裝。
譯文:電視是制造和表達(dá)這些情緒的方式之一,在加強(qiáng)不同民族和國(guó)家之間的聯(lián)系方面,電視也許還從來(lái)沒(méi)有像在歐洲事務(wù)中那樣起過(guò)如此大的作用。
(二)only+副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)/狀語(yǔ)從句(句首狀語(yǔ)由only修飾)
例句: Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. (選自2004年P(guān)art B)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句,that were very different from their own是修飾languages的定語(yǔ)從句。
譯文:直到比較近,語(yǔ)言學(xué)家才開(kāi)始認(rèn)真研究與他們自己所掌握的完全不同的語(yǔ)言。
例句: Only gradually was the byproduct of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.(2009年第47題)
分析:該句是由and連接的兩個(gè)并列簡(jiǎn)單句,兩個(gè)分句都是以only開(kāi)頭的倒裝句,在前一分句中,主干部分是the byproduct of the institution was noted, only gradually修飾noted;在后一分句中,主干是this effect was considered...,其中only more gradually修飾considered, as a directive factor作主語(yǔ)this effect的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),介詞短語(yǔ)in the conduct of the institution作directive factor的后置定語(yǔ)。
譯文:人們只是逐漸地認(rèn)識(shí)到制度這一副產(chǎn)品,而在運(yùn)行這種制度的過(guò)程中,認(rèn)識(shí)到這種效果具有指導(dǎo)性作用的時(shí)間則更加緩慢。
(三)條件從句中省略if
在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中,條件從句if省略時(shí),倒裝到主語(yǔ)前的是助動(dòng)詞should,had和系動(dòng)詞were。
例句: Were the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it could dramatically transform a family run enterprise that still gets 90% of its revenues from newspapers. (1999年第13題)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句,were the Times Co. to purchase是一省略if的倒裝句,that it could dramatically...enterprise是doubt的同位語(yǔ),而that still gets 90% of its revenues from newspapers是修飾enterprise的定語(yǔ)從句。
譯文:如果時(shí)代公司要收購(gòu)另一家主流媒體公司的話,那仍舊靠報(bào)紙獲得90%收入的家族式企業(yè)的模式肯定會(huì)遭到它大刀闊斧的改革。
例句: Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.(1998年第10題)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句,had it not been...是一個(gè)省略if的倒裝從句,整個(gè)句子表示混合式虛擬語(yǔ)氣,主句表示與現(xiàn)在相反假設(shè),從句表示與過(guò)去相反假設(shè)。
譯文:要不是公眾及時(shí)投資,我們公司不會(huì)像現(xiàn)在這么繁榮。
(四)其他部分倒裝情況
表示前面陳述的情況適合于后者,前面是肯定句,后面用so引導(dǎo);前面是否定句,后面用neither或nor引導(dǎo),省略倒裝句中的助動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)形式上與前面句子保持一致。。
例句: Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. (選自2005年Text 4)
分析:該句是由nor引導(dǎo)的并列句。whether in speech or in writing的完整形式是whether they are in speech or in writing,表示讓步;介詞短語(yǔ)with skill and gift在句中作狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞command。
譯文:美國(guó)人不再期望公眾人物在演講或?qū)懽鲿r(shí)可以嫻熟地運(yùn)用技巧和文采來(lái)掌握英語(yǔ),而人們本身也不這樣要求自己。
(五)so...that結(jié)構(gòu)
so...that結(jié)構(gòu)中,“so+狀語(yǔ)”位于句首表強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),使用倒裝。
例句: So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.(2001年第6題)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句,that leaders at summer computer camps...是一結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,so involved with...置于句首引起倒裝。
譯文:孩子們對(duì)電腦如此著迷,以至于電腦夏令營(yíng)的組織者們不得不強(qiáng)迫他們停下來(lái)做一些體育運(yùn)動(dòng)和游戲。
(六)not until置于句首
not until置于句首時(shí),連詞until引導(dǎo)的從句主謂不倒裝,但主句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)必須倒裝。
例句: Not until you return those books to the library immediately will you have to pay a fine.
分析:該句是復(fù)合句。由于not until置于句首,主句will you have to pay a fine是一倒裝句。
譯文:只有及時(shí)還書(shū)給圖書(shū)館,你才不會(huì)受罰。
(七)as, though, no matter how, however引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
as, though引導(dǎo)的倒裝句型為:名詞(前不加a或an)/形容詞/副詞+as+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ),該結(jié)構(gòu)可用though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)替換,譯為“雖然…但是”或“盡管…但是”。
例句:Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.
分析:該句是復(fù)合句,其中從句much as I have traveled是一倒裝句,短語(yǔ)“equal sb. in sth.”意為“在某方面與他人旗鼓相當(dāng)”
譯文:雖然我常旅行,但我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)任何人于任何工作能像她那樣一絲不茍。
例句:Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary article physics, many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. (1998年第75題)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句,odd though it sounds是一倒裝句,其中it指代cosmic inflation,介詞短語(yǔ)in elementary article physics修飾ideas,that it is true在句中作convinced的賓語(yǔ),另一介詞短語(yǔ)for the better part of a decade作狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間。
譯文:宇宙膨脹說(shuō)雖然聽(tīng)似奇特,但它還是基本粒子物理學(xué)中一些公認(rèn)的理論在科學(xué)上看來(lái)可信的推論。許多天體物理學(xué)家十年來(lái)一直認(rèn)為這一論說(shuō)是正確的。
(八)be+主語(yǔ)+其他(若其他是單數(shù)名詞作賓語(yǔ),則名詞前不接不定冠詞a/an)
這是一開(kāi)放式條件狀語(yǔ)從句,屬于特殊倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),表示泛指。該結(jié)構(gòu)可用whether...or結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)替換,同時(shí)單數(shù)名詞前的不定冠詞保持不變,可譯為“不管/不論……”。
例句:Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.(2001年第10題)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句,be they...是一倒裝句,相當(dāng)于whether they are...。
譯文:我們所使用的教堂一詞,指的是所有的宗教機(jī)構(gòu),不管它們是基督教、伊斯蘭教、佛教或猶太教等。
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