2016考研英語經(jīng)濟學(xué)人:就業(yè)市場 毫無余地

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　　Employment

　　就業(yè)市場

　　Zero tolerance

　　毫無余地

　　The problem with zero-hours contracts is not thatthey are too flexible

　　零時工合同的問題可不是時間太靈活

　　BRITAIN'S flexible labour market was a boon duringthe economic slump, helping keep joblessness down and then, when the recovery began,allowing employment to rise. Yet one of its bendier bits is causing politicians to fret. EdMiliband, the leader of the Labour Party, has promised a crackdown on “zero-hours contracts” ifhe wins the next election. The government has launched a consultation.

　　英國靈活的勞動力市場在經(jīng)濟衰退期間是一個福音，因為這既幫助壓低失業(yè)率,而且當經(jīng)濟開始復(fù)蘇又促進就業(yè)。但其所帶來的一些福利卻讓政客們煩躁不安。工黨領(lǐng)袖埃德·米利班德承諾如果他贏得下次選舉，他將打擊“零時工合同”。政府也就打擊零時工合同的事項展開磋商。

　　Zero-hours contracts allow firms to employ workers for as few or as many hours as they need,with no prior notice. In theory, at least, people can refuse work. Fully 1.4m jobs were basedon these contracts in January 2014, according to a snapsho taken by the Office for NationalStatistics. That is just 4% of the total, but the share rises to a quarter in the hospitalitybusiness.

　　零時工合同政策允許在沒有事先通知的情況下雇傭工人工作，工作時間根據(jù)公司需求可長可短。在理論上,至少人們可以拒絕工作。根據(jù)國家統(tǒng)計局的統(tǒng)計，2014年1月，有140萬個就業(yè)崗位是基于這種合約的。雖然只占總數(shù)的4%,但在酒店業(yè)務(wù)份額上，這種合同聘請的員工比例則有四分之一。

　　The contracts are useful for firms with erratic patterns of demand, such as hotels andrestaurants. They have also helped firms to expand during the recovery—allowing them totest new business lines before hiring permanent staff, who would be more costly to makeredundant if things went wrong.

　　零時工合同對酒店和餐館這樣不穩(wěn)定需求模式的行業(yè)十分有用。這些零時工合同幫助公司在經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇期擴大規(guī)模，其方式是在雇傭固定員工之前測試應(yīng)聘者的業(yè)務(wù)水平。因為一旦雇傭固定員工之后，這些員工出了問題，裁員的代價會更高。

　　Flexibility suits some workers, too. According to one survey, 47% of those employed on zero-hours contracts were content to have no minimum contracted hours. Many of these workers arein full-time education. The ability to turn down work is important to students, who want torevise (or sit in the sun) at this time of year. Pensioners keen for a little extra income canoften live with the uncertainty of not having guaranteed hours.

　　靈活性對一些工人很適用。根據(jù)一項調(diào)查，47%零時工合同雇傭工對沒有比較少工時限制很滿意，其中有很多人還在接受全日制教育。拒絕工作的能力對學(xué)生來說非常重要,因為他們想要在每年的這個時候復(fù)習(或者曬太陽)。渴望得到一點額外的收入的養(yǎng)老金領(lǐng)取者也可以在沒有固定工作時間這種不確定的情況下游刃有余。

　　Yet that leaves more than a quarter of workers on zero-hours contracts who say they areunhappy with their conditions. Some of this is cyclical. During recessions, a dearth ofpermanent positions forces people into jobs with no contracted hours even if they do not wantthem (the government has just said that unemployed people who refuse to accept zero-hourscontracts could be cut off from benefits). Underemployment is particularly prevalent amongthese workers, 35% of whom would like more hours compared with 12% in other jobs. As theeconomy recovers, many should be able to renegotiate their contracts or find permanent jobs.

　　然而,超過四分之一的零時工合同工說他們不滿意他們的工作條件。有些不滿是周期性的。在經(jīng)濟衰退期間,永久職位的缺乏迫使人們即使在不情愿的情況下也要選擇沒有合同時間的工作(政府剛剛說拒絕接受零時工合同的失業(yè)者有可能再也得不到好處)。這些工人中，失業(yè)情況尤其普遍,這些人中有35%想工作更長時間，而從事其他工作的人中只有12%想工作更久。隨著經(jīng)濟的復(fù)蘇,許多人能夠重新協(xié)商合同或找到固定工作。

　　But the recovery will not cause unwanted zero-hours contracts to disappear. Some workerswill never have much negotiating power: they are constrained by geography, familycommitments and lack of competition for their skills among a small number of big employers.Zero-hours contracts make it easier for employers to abuse their labour-market power. Someuse them to avoid statutory obligations such as sick and maternity pay. Workers are penalisedfor not being available when requested. And some contracts contain exclusivity clauses whichprevent workers from taking additional jobs. These can harm other employers as well asworkers, and actually reduce labour market flexibility. That, at least, is worth doing away with.

　　但經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇不會造成不必要的零時工合同消失。一些工人永遠不會有太多的談判資本: 在少量的大雇主面前，他們受到了地理、家庭承諾和技能競爭力等各方面限制。零時工合同使雇主能夠更容易地濫用勞動力市場的力量。一些雇主用它來避免病假工資和產(chǎn)假工資等法定義務(wù)。工人們正在因為之前需要他們時沒有及時到位而受到懲罰。一些合同還包含排他性條款，防止工人從事其他工作。這些既可以傷害其他雇主，也會傷害到工人;實際上，這也減少了勞動力市場的靈活性。所以至少這一項規(guī)定是應(yīng)該摒棄的。

　　【重點解析】

　　1.allow to 允許

　　例句:They will not allow your more way-out ideas topass unchallenged.

　　他們不會放過你這些古怪的念頭的。

　　2.at least 至少;比較低限度

　　例句:She was at least that much shorter than me.

　　她至少比我矮這么多。

　　3.base on 以…為基礎(chǔ);以…為根據(jù)

　　例句:There was no strong organizational base on which to build.

　　缺乏一個堅實的組織基礎(chǔ)。

　　4.such as 例如;諸如

　　例句:We dislike people such as him.

　　我們不喜歡像他這號人。