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The Satiric Literature

　　Perhaps  the  most  striking  quality  of  satiric  literature  is  its  freshness,  its  originality  of perspective. Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead, it presents the familiar in a new form. Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. What they do is to look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful, or affected. Satire jars us out  of  complacence  into  a   pleasantly  shocked  realization   that  many  of  the   values  we unquestioningly accept are false. Don Quixote derides the stupidity of knights Brave New World ridicules  the pretensions of  science; A Modest Proposal  dramatizes starvation by  advocating cannibalism. None of these ideas is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley, and people were aware of famine before Swift.  It was not the originality of the  idea that made these satires  popular. It was the manner of expression, the satiric method that made them interesting and entertaining. Satires are read  because  they  are  aesthetically  satisfying  works  of  art,  not  because  they  are  morally wholesome   or   ethically   instructive.   They   are   stimulating   and   refreshing   because   with commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. With spontaneous irreverence,   satire   rearranges   perspectives,  scrambles   familiar   objects   into   incongruous juxtaposition, and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.
　　Satire exists because there is need for it. It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus,  an    irreverent  reminder  that  they  live  in  a  world  of  platitudinous  thinking,  cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to
remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is sanctimonious, sentimental, and only partially true. Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute  to  them,  nor  do  ordinary  citizens  devote  their  lives  to  unselfish  service  of humanity. Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed.
　　全文翻譯：諷刺文學(xué)
　　或許諷刺文學(xué)比較顯著的特點(diǎn)是其視角的新穎性和獨(dú)特性。諷刺作品很少有創(chuàng)造性的思想。相反，它用一種新的形式把人們熟悉的東西呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。諷刺作家沒(méi)有為世界貢獻(xiàn)新的哲學(xué)。他們所做的就是采取這樣一種立場(chǎng)來(lái)看待熟悉的環(huán)境，使得它們看上去愚蠢、有害或者造作。諷刺作品使我們排除了自滿情緒，并愉快地驚嘆道許多我們毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)地接受的價(jià)值觀是錯(cuò)誤的�！短眉�訶德》使騎士看起來(lái)愚蠢可笑；《奇妙的新世界》嘲弄了科學(xué)的自命不凡；《溫和的建議》戲劇性地提倡同類相食來(lái)消滅饑餓。所有這些觀點(diǎn)都不是創(chuàng)造性的。在塞萬(wàn)提斯以前騎士制度就受到了懷疑，在阿爾道斯·赫胥黎以前的人文主義者就反對(duì)純科學(xué)的主張，而且在斯威夫特以前就認(rèn)識(shí)了饑荒。并不是獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的思考使這些諷刺作品變得流行，而是表達(dá)的方式、諷刺的方法手段使它們變得有趣和引人入勝。人們讀諷刺作品是因?yàn)樵诿栏猩纤鼈兪橇钊藵M意的藝術(shù)作品，而不是因?yàn)榈赖碌耐昝篮蛡惱淼恼f(shuō)教。它們有啟發(fā)性、使人耳目一新是因?yàn)樗鼈冇煤?jiǎn)明的常識(shí)洗刷去了幻覺(jué)和舊的觀點(diǎn)。諷刺作品用自然的嘲諷態(tài)度重新設(shè)置了觀點(diǎn)，將熟悉的事物自相矛盾地置在一起。諷刺文學(xué)用自己的語(yǔ)言，而不是采用抽象的陳詞濫調(diào)來(lái)表達(dá)。諷刺作品的存在是由于有需求。它的存在是因?yàn)樽x者欣賞使人耳目一新的刺激，毫不客氣地提醒他們活在一個(gè)思相陳腐、道德低廉、哲學(xué)荒謬的世界里。諷刺作品有助于促進(jìn)人們認(rèn)識(shí)真相，雖然很少促動(dòng)人們?yōu)檎胬矶�行�?dòng)。它有助于提醒人們?nèi)粘Ｃ浇橹兴��?jiàn)所聞所談的許多東西是假裝神圣、感情用事或半真半假。生活只在很少程度上與它流行的映像相象，戰(zhàn)士很少有電影賦予他們的完美，一般的公民也很少奉獻(xiàn)他們的生命為人類無(wú)私的服務(wù)。明智的人們了解這些事理，但當(dāng)他們沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到這些事理，就傾向于把它們忘掉。