研究考研翻譯歷年真題對(duì)應(yīng)用和鞏固翻譯技巧和方法，把握考研翻譯的命題方向和提高翻譯成績(jī)，有著其他方式無(wú)可替代的重要作用。從研究和方便讀者的角度出發(fā)，本章對(duì)考研翻譯句子的解析采取下列格式：

　　1. 對(duì)原句的翻譯過(guò)程做出一些簡(jiǎn)化，主要按照三部分展開(kāi)：句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析、詞語(yǔ)用法解釋、漢語(yǔ)方式表達(dá)。

　　2. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析用各種具體符號(hào)標(biāo)示，使讀者一目了然。具體符號(hào)及表示內(nèi)容如下： 句子間的邏輯層次關(guān)系用/來(lái)表示，/為第一層，//為第二層，以此類推;主語(yǔ)：用下劃線表示;謂語(yǔ)：用陰影部分表示;賓語(yǔ)：用波浪線表示;插入語(yǔ)：用雙下線表示;連接詞：用全框來(lái)表示;修飾成分用()來(lái)表示，有必要時(shí)再做具體解釋。例如：

　　It may be said //that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; / but this effect is not a part of its original motive.

　　2009年考研英語(yǔ)英譯漢試題及解析

　　There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.(46)It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47)Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world’s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.

　　But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. (48)While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.

　　(50)We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling.In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.

　　真題解析

　　46. It may be said //that the measure (of the worth of any social institution) is its effect (in enlarging and improving experience); / but this effect is not a part of its original motive.

　　句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析

　　(1)該句是由but連接的并列復(fù)合句，句子的主干是it may be said…but this effect is not a part.

　　(2)that引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，其句子的主干是the measure is its effect.

　　(3)本句是并列句，與漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序基本一致，可以采取順譯法。

　　詞語(yǔ)用法解釋

　　(1)it may be said that可以看作一個(gè)固定結(jié)構(gòu)，意思是“可以說(shuō)”。

　　(2)measure

　　n.表示“措施，辦法”。如：They took strong measures against dangerous drivers.(他們對(duì)危害公眾的司機(jī)采取強(qiáng)硬的措施。)

　　v.表示“衡量，測(cè)量”。如：Mother measured me to see what size of dress I should have. (母親給我量尺寸，好知道我該穿多大號(hào)的衣服。)

　　在本句中，可以轉(zhuǎn)化詞性，譯成動(dòng)詞“衡量”。

　　(3)worth

　　adj.表示“值得……的”，常用be worth doing sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：It isn’t worth waiting for him.(不值得等他。)

　　n.表示“價(jià)值，財(cái)產(chǎn)”。如：the true worth of one’s friendship (某人友誼的真正價(jià)值)。

　　本句中可以譯為“價(jià)值”。

　　(4)institution

　　n.表示“制定;習(xí)慣，制度;機(jī)構(gòu)”等。如：Marriage became an institution in ancient societies.(婚姻在古代社會(huì)就已經(jīng)成為一種制度。)

　　本句可譯為“制度”。

　　(5)effect

　　n.表示“結(jié)果, 效果, 作用, 影響”。如：The drug had an immediate effect on the pain. (這藥對(duì)止痛能立刻生效。)

　　vt.表示“生效，實(shí)現(xiàn)”。如：The new manager effected several changes in the company.(新來(lái)的經(jīng)理在公司里促成了好幾次改革。)

　　常用短語(yǔ)：in effect (實(shí)際上，正在生效)，take effect (開(kāi)始實(shí)行，開(kāi)始生效)。

　　本句是名詞，譯成“影響”。

　　(6)original

　　adj.表示“比較初的， 原始的; 獨(dú)創(chuàng)的，新穎的”。如：The original owner of the house was the Duke of Wellington.(這房子本來(lái)的主人是威靈頓公爵。)再如：an original idea(獨(dú)到的見(jiàn)解)，an original painting (原畫)，a person with an original (有創(chuàng)作頭腦的人)。

　　n.表示“原物，原作”。如：studying Greek to read Homer in the original(學(xué)習(xí)希臘文是為了讀荷馬原著)。

　　本句中是adj.,譯成“比較初的”。

　　參考譯文

　　可以說(shuō)，衡量任何社會(huì)制度的價(jià)值在于它對(duì)擴(kuò)大和改進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的影響，但是這種影響并不是它比較初動(dòng)機(jī)的組成部分。

　47. (Only gradually) was the by-product of the institution noted, / and (only more gradually still) was this effect considered as a directive factor (in the conduct of the institution.)

　　句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析

　　(1)該句是由and引導(dǎo)的并列句，句子的主干是the by�瞤roduct was noted and this effect was considered as a directive factor.

　　(2) 兩句話的句首都是only引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，采用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu);正常結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是: “The by�瞤roduct of the institution was only gradually noted and this effect was only more gradually still considered as a…”

　　(3)兩句都采用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，可以翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：首句譯為無(wú)主句，并列分句的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)，再譯為主動(dòng)句。

　　詞語(yǔ)用法解釋

　　(1)by-product

　　表示“副產(chǎn)品”，由前綴by��(附屬的，次要的)+ product構(gòu)成，如：bygone (過(guò)去的)，byway (旁道)等。

　　(2)still

　　adj.表示“靜止的，靜寂的，不動(dòng)的”。如：The sea was calm and still. (大海風(fēng)平浪靜。)

　　adv.表示“還，仍，更，還要，盡管如此，依然”。如：My father still remembers his first day at school.(我的父親仍記得他上學(xué)的第一天。)有時(shí)也表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，可以不譯。

　　(3)consider

　　vt.表示“考慮，照顧，認(rèn)為”。如：The court would not even consider his claim for the old man’s legacy. (法庭根本不會(huì)考慮他所提出的對(duì)老人遺產(chǎn)的要求。)

　　常與as / to be 搭配使用，表示“把(某人、某事)看作……,認(rèn)為(某人、某事)如何”,本句即為該種用法。

　　(4)directive

　　adj.表示“指示的，指導(dǎo)的，管理的;定向的”。如：directive rules (規(guī)程)。

　　n.表示“指示，命令，指令;方針”。

　　本句可以引申為“規(guī)定的”。

　　(5)conduct

　　n.表示“行為，舉止，品行”或者“執(zhí)行，實(shí)施”。如：His conduct disagrees with his words.(他言行不一。)

　　vt.&vi.表示“行為，舉止，表現(xiàn)”或者“經(jīng)營(yíng)，引導(dǎo)，實(shí)施”。如：My aunt conducts her business very successfully.(我的嬸嬸把企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)得很成功。)

　　本句是n.,根據(jù)與institution的搭配，可譯為動(dòng)詞“執(zhí)行”。

　　參考譯文

　　只有逐步才能注意到一種制度的副作用，而要承認(rèn)這種副作用是執(zhí)行該制度的一種規(guī)定性因素則更加緩慢。

　　48. While it is easy to ignore (in our contact with them) the effect of our acts upon their disposition,/ it is not so easy as (in dealing with adults).

　　句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析

　　(1)本句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，句子的主干是it is not so easy.

　　(2)主句是個(gè)省略句，補(bǔ)充完整應(yīng)該是it is not so easy (to ignore the effect of our acts upon their disposition) as in dealing with adults, 翻譯時(shí)要補(bǔ)充完整。

　　(3)從句是while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，it作形式主語(yǔ)代替不定式“to ignore…disposition”。句中的in our contact with them將ignore與其賓語(yǔ)the effect of…分割開(kāi)來(lái)，翻譯時(shí)，根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣將該狀語(yǔ)提前。

　　(4)根據(jù)上下文，翻譯時(shí)要增加主語(yǔ)“我們”。

　　(5)從上文可知，主句中的them、their都是指代“年輕人”。

　　詞語(yǔ)用法解釋

　　(1)ignore

　　vt.表示“不理睬，忽視”。如：I tried to tell her but she ignored me.(我打算告訴她，可是她不理睬我。)

　　常用短語(yǔ)：be ignorant of sth. (不知道)

　　(2)disposition

　　n.表示“性格;傾向;部署，處理”。如：The twin sisters have a happy disposition. (這一對(duì)孿生姐妹有一種樂(lè)天的性格。)disposition of the deceased’s property(對(duì)死者財(cái)產(chǎn)的處理)。本句中可譯為“性格”。

　　(3)not so…as

　　表示“和……不一樣”，其中so為副詞，as為連詞，是同級(jí)比較的否定結(jié)構(gòu)形式。

　　(4)deal (with)

　　v.表示“安排、處理、涉及、做生意”，如：The book deals with this problem. (這本書論述了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。)此處可譯為“打交道”。

　　參考譯文

　　在和年輕人交往時(shí)，我們?nèi)菀缀雎宰约旱男袨閷?duì)他們性格的影響，但是在與成人打交道時(shí)卻并不如此容易。

　　49. Since our chief business (with them )is to enable them to share in a common life / we cannot help considering // (whether or no we are forming the powers /// which will secure this ability.)

　　句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析

　　(1)本句是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的主從復(fù)合句，句子主干是we cannot help considering，since引導(dǎo)的是原因狀語(yǔ)從句，whether or no引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，which引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句。

　　(2)which定語(yǔ)從句較短，與先行詞關(guān)系密切，可以直接譯成定語(yǔ)。

　　(3)整句話的邏輯表達(dá)順序與漢語(yǔ)相同，可以采取順序翻譯法。

　　(4)them 指代“年輕人”，應(yīng)該譯出。

　　詞語(yǔ)用法解釋

　　(1)enable

　　vt.常與to搭配，表示“使能夠，賦予權(quán)力”。如：A bird’s wings enable it to fly.(鳥的翅膀使鳥能飛。)a law enabling the new federal agency(賦予新聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)權(quán)力的法律)。

　　(2) can’t help doing sth.

　　表示“禁不住……”，如：Between astonishment and joy, she couldn’t help bursting into tears.(她驚喜交集,禁不住放聲大哭起來(lái)。)

　　(3)whether or no/not

　　表示“不管怎樣” ，如：Whether we help him or not, he will fail. (不論我們幫助他與否, 他都將失敗。)

　　(4)secure

　　adj. 表示“安全的，可靠的，放心的，無(wú)慮的”。如：I don’t feel secure when I am alone in the house.(我一個(gè)人在家時(shí)感到不安全。)

　　v.表示“保護(hù)、使安全、獲得”，如：Can you secure me two good tickets for the concert? (你能為我弄到兩張音樂(lè)會(huì)的好票嗎?)

　　本句是動(dòng)詞，譯為“獲得”。

　　參考譯文

　　既然我們的主要任務(wù)是讓年輕人參與共同生活，我們禁不住要考慮是否我們正在形成獲得這種能力的力量。

　　50. We are (thus)led (to distinguish, within the broad educational process // which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education / -- that of direct tuition or schooling.)

　　句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析

　　(1)本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，含有一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，主句的主干是we are led.

　　(2)to distinguish…or schooling是一個(gè)主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)we;distinguish 的賓語(yǔ)a more formal kind of education被within引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)分割開(kāi)來(lái);破折號(hào)之后的成分是a more formal kind of education的同位語(yǔ)，翻譯時(shí)，仍使用破折號(hào)分開(kāi)。

　　(3)which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾process，可以直接譯成定語(yǔ)。

　　詞語(yǔ)用法解釋

　　(1)lead

　　vi.&vt.表示“指引，導(dǎo)致，通往”等等。如：The path led them to a cemetery. (這條小徑把他們帶向墓地。)作為動(dòng)詞，lead常與to搭配，但to既可以作不定式，作賓補(bǔ)(此時(shí)lead是及物動(dòng)詞)，也可以作介詞，后接賓語(yǔ)(此時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞)，譯為“致使，導(dǎo)致”。本句中的to是不定式。

　　(2)distinguish

　　vt.&vi.表示“辨別，辨認(rèn)，區(qū)別”等，常與from或者between搭配。如：I can distinguish them at a distance.(從遠(yuǎn)處我能認(rèn)出他們。)Can you distinguish the different musical instruments playing now?(你能區(qū)分出正在演奏的各種不同的樂(lè)器嗎?)本句用作及物動(dòng)詞，是“辨認(rèn)”的意思。

　　(3)broad

　　adj. 表示“寬的，闊的，廣泛的;明朗的，露骨的，顯著的，主要的”等，意思很多，運(yùn)用靈活，需根據(jù)具體搭配考慮詞義。如：broad shoulders (寬肩膀)，a broad general idea (概括性的認(rèn)識(shí))，broad daylight (大白天)等。

　　adv., 表示“充分地，完全地”。

　　n.表示“寬的部分;女人”。

　　本句與process搭配，可譯為“整個(gè)的”。

　　參考譯文

　　因此，我們要在從一直考慮的整個(gè)教育過(guò)程中辨認(rèn)出一種比較正規(guī)的教育——直接教育或者學(xué)校教育。