(2005年全國統(tǒng)考試題)

    The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals,___1___this is largely because,___2___animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are___3___to perceiving those smells which float through the air,___4___the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact,___5 ___ , we are extremely sensitive to smells,___6___we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of___7___human smells even when these are ___8___to far below one part in one million.

    Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,___9___others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate___10___ smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send___11___to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell___12___can suddenly become sensitive to it when___13___to it often enough.

    The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it___14___to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can___15___new receptors if necessary. This may___16___explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells -- we simply do not need to be. We are not___17___of the usual smell of our own house, but we___18___new smells when we visit someone else's. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors___19___for unfamiliar and emergency signals___20___the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.

    1. [A] although [B] as [C] but [D] while

    2. [A] above [B] unlike [C] excluding [D] besides

    3. [A] limited [B] committed [C] dedicated [D] confined

    4. [A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking

    5. [A] anyway [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore

    6. [A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if

    7. [A] distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting

    8. [A] diluted [B] dissolved [C] dispersed [D] diffused

    9. [A] when [B] since [C] for [D] whereas

    10. [A] unusual [B] particular [C] unique [D] typical

    11. [A] signs [B] stimuli [C] messages [D] impulses

    12. [A] at first [B] at all [C] at large [D] at times

    13. [A] subjected [B] left [C] drawn [D] exposed

    14. [A] ineffective [B] incompetent [C] inefficient [D] insufficient

    15. [A] introduce [B] summon [C] trigger [D] create

    16. [A] still [B] also [C] otherwise [D] nevertheless

    17. [A] sure [B] sick [C] aware [D] tired

    18. [A] tolerate [B] repel [C] neglect [D] notice

    19. [A] available [B] reliable [C] identifiable [D] suitable

    20. [A] similar to [B] such as [C] along with [D] aside from

    II. 選擇搭配題

    Directions: You are going to read a text about Learning to Cope with Complexity, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

    During times of great crisis, human beings typically turn to one of two strategies: fight or flight. There is, however, a third strategy: learning and deep change. It is based on the principle that all events, especially the most tragic, are ripe with opportunities for learning.

    The lesson we must learn from September 11 is that our management practices, private and public, are one-dimensional. Whether it is with regard to civil aviation safety or real estate, our world is dominated by concerns about profitability. These constrain us from implementing needed and proven safety procedures in aviation and high-rise office design. The focus on profitability also pushes our systems to grow unreasonably large, rendering them more vulnerable to terrorist attacks.

    Approximately 76% of the criteria used to measure organizational efficiency are financial. Only 24% consider nonfinancial indicators such as health, safety, or the global impact that organizations have on communities and the world in general. Devoting more of our attention to nonfinancial indicators can help us develop new strategies to match the complexity of fighting terrorism. The fields of risk and crisis management already use some of these strategies.

    41. Search for the destructive side of complexity.

    42. Increase safety by redesigning products.

    43. Separate the different elements of systems to reduce their impacts on each other.

    44. Promote a more ethical distribution of wealth.

    45. Build a true culture of civil security. We should develop the capacity to envision the destructive side of our complex systems and to prepare for it.

    Promote active learning from previous crises. It is imperative that we learn to tolerate cultural and religious differences, especially bearing September 11 in mind, while at the same time neutralizing terrorism as much as we can. We must also remember that there is no better way to drive people to undertake desperate acts than to humiliate them.

    These lessons are not merely about learning how to fight more effectively or better prepare for flight. The lessons are really about learning how to live in ways that can reduce the chances of future assaults, especially since we can never fully prevent them.

    [A] The Pentagon resisted terrorist attacks much more readily than the World Trade Center because it was built with safety in mind. This has important implications for the future design of offices towers, hydroelectric dams, and nuclear power facilities.

    [B] For instance, New Zealanders are prepared to survive independently for up to three days in the event of major catastrophes. Unfortunately, far too many of us expect to live in a zero-risk world. This means that widespread panic can be triggered if fewer than 10 letters out of millions in the postal system have been tampered with.

    [C] After the poisoning of Tylenol capsules in 1982, Johnson & Johnson concluded that future terrorist attacks directed against their products were highly probable. As a result, they modified both the packaging and the products themselves.

    [D] The French revolutionaries of 1789 screamed, “Let’s risk everything, since we have nothing.” People in countries such as Afghanistan, who earn less than $1 per day, may be provoked to violent measures to alter their desperate conditions.

    [E] In the case of the World Trade Center, terrorists deliberately exploited the “destructive side” of aircraft and highly populated office towers. If one simply joins hijacking with car bombing, and magnifies their effects, then September 11 is the result.

    [F] It is well known that to neutralize the potential spread of smallpox in animals we need to separate animal populations from the virus. This has profound implications with regard to globalization. Globalization constantly creates connections between disparate elements of complex systems and regions of the globe. It pushes us to increase the volume of financial and nonmonetary transactions and the speed between connections.

    (課外練習(xí) 下次課給答案)

    Directions: You are going to read a text about Things to Watch Out for When…, followed by a list of analyses. Choose the best analysis from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra analysis which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

    Year-end is prime time for making speeches, whether it be a formal thank you to clients at a cocktail party or an informal chat to family guests around the Christmas table. Plan ahead and think about what you are going to say. In the words of Mark Twain, it usually takes more than three weeks to prepare a good impromptu speech.

    41) Know your audience:

    42) Make a point:

    43) Stay calm:

    44) Eye contact:

    45) Vary tone and body language:

    [A] Monotony kills a speech. Nerves cause your vocal chords to constrict, raising the pitch of your voice. Make an effort to breathe deeply and enunciate clearly. Flapping your arms about will distract your listeners but natural, descriptive movements can enhance meaning..

    [B] Keep your speech short and concise and have a few clear points that you need to convey. Emphasize these and tone down on any oral paraphernalia that will confuse the message.

    [C] Find out who you will be addressing so that you can tailor your comments accordingly. Clients, analysts and journalists, for example, require a different approach to that needed for colleagues at an in-house gathering.

    [D] A little nervous energy can enhance your speech, but too much can be disastrous. Do not rely on alcohol for help, no matter how much you need Dutch courage. Take a deep breath and keep a clear head.

    [E] Creating a personal rapport with your audience is a skill that separates gifted speakers from the mundane. If the thought of looking into a sea of faces scares you, adjust your gaze regularly at different points in the room to create the same effect.

    [F] Your initial impression is vital when making a public presentation. Find out about dress codes at the venue so that you look your best and, if possible, check the microphone beforehand to ensure you know how to use it.

    III. English-Chinese Translation

    1) Being under-industrialized, these countries are largely dependent on imports to supply the equipment needed to produce the raw materials they export. This also applies to the manufactured goods required to provide their populations with the 'necessities of life' --- a concept which is continually being enlarged through the mass media of communication such as newspapers, films, the radio and advertising. 2) This economic structure makes it difficult for them to avoid being politically dependent on the countries which absorb their exports and provide their essential imports.

    Although it is obvious that industrialization is the key to development, it is usually very difficult for emerging countries to carry out plans of this nature. 3) In the first place, to set up modern industries necessitates capital on a large scale, which only industrialized regions are able to provide; secondly, they lack the necessary trained manpower; thirdly, their industries --- when established --- are usually not efficient enough to compete with foreign imports, and any restriction on these imports is likely to lead to counteraction against their own exports.

    4) From another point of view, it is necessary to bear in mind that there are invariably political, educational, social and psychological obstacles which tend to interfere seriously with any measures taken to deal with the economic difficulties outlined above. To consider only one point: it is obviously useless to devote great efforts and expense to education, technical training and planning if, for psychological reasons, the population as a whole fails to turn theory into effective action.

    5) To conclude, it seems clear that if we are to succeed in solving the many interrelated problems of underdevelopment, only the fullest and most intelligent use of the resources of all branches of science will enable us to do so. How is this to be done? Do you have any suggestions to make?(308 words)

    IV. Writing Practice

    Directions:

    You are planning to pursue your study abroad. Write a letter of inquiry to

    1) give your brief personal information,

    2) ask for the admission into that university,

    3) ask for the possibility of getting scholarship.

    Letter of Inquiry

    Dear Sir / Madam,

    I am a senior student majoring in Computer Science at Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 預(yù)計明年夏天畢業(yè)。I wish to go to the United States for further studies in my major. 因而我現(xiàn)在寫信詢問有關(guān)2005年九月研究生入學(xué)的可能性。

    Please send me information on admission to your university. As I have no relative in the U.S., 我還想知道有關(guān)申請獎學(xué)金的程序。

    Thank you very much. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.

    Yours faithfully,

    Li Ming

    作業(yè)： 1. 結(jié)合“復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)”做完形、英譯漢和寫作的相關(guān)練習(xí)。2. 講過的完形練習(xí)要反復(fù)推敲，注意詞的詞義和搭配、注意上下文的連貫性和一致性。

    贈言：既要看到自己的成績，又要找出自己的差距。不斷進(jìn)取、不斷進(jìn)步。

    選擇搭配題參考譯文(1)

    當(dāng)重大的危機(jī)發(fā)生時，人們往往會采取這兩種策略之一：對抗或逃脫。 然而，還有第三種策略：學(xué)習(xí)并徹底改變。 它所基于的原則是：所有的事件， 特別是比較具有悲劇性的， 都充滿了學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會。

    從“9•11事件”中我們必須汲取的教訓(xùn)是， 我們的管理業(yè)務(wù)，包括個人的和公眾的， 是片面的。無論是在民航安全上還是在房地產(chǎn)上， 支配我們社會的都是考慮是否有利可圖。 這就妨礙了我們在航空和高層辦公大樓設(shè)計中去實(shí)施所需的和必要的安全程序。對于贏利的關(guān)注也導(dǎo)致我們各個系統(tǒng)不合理地擴(kuò)大，使它們更容易受到恐怖分子的襲擊。

    機(jī)構(gòu)效率的評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，大約76% 都是關(guān)于財政的。 只有24% 的指標(biāo)是非財政的， 如衛(wèi)生、安全或各個機(jī)構(gòu)對社區(qū)和整個社會的整體影響。 把我們的注意力更多地投向非財政指標(biāo)有助于我們逐步想出新的策略，以適應(yīng)對抗恐怖活動的復(fù)雜性。風(fēng)險和危機(jī)管理領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)采用了其中的某些策略。

    探索復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)的破壞性一面。 1982年提列諾膠囊中毒事件發(fā)生后，強(qiáng)生公司認(rèn)為未來恐怖分子很可能直接侵襲他們的產(chǎn)品。 因此，他們對包裝和產(chǎn)品本身都進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)。

    通過重新設(shè)計產(chǎn)品來提高安全性。美國五角大樓之所以比世貿(mào)中心大廈更能抵抗恐怖分子的襲擊，是因?yàn)樗�建造時就把安全因素考慮在內(nèi)了。這一點(diǎn)對今后設(shè)計辦公大樓、水電大壩及核動力設(shè)施等有很重要的啟示。

    把系統(tǒng)的不同元素隔開以減少它們之間的相互影響。眾所周知，要抑制天花在動物中可能出現(xiàn)的蔓延，我們必須把動物種群與病毒隔離開。這對全球化有著深遠(yuǎn)的含意。全球化不斷地創(chuàng)造機(jī)會，使復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)的不同元素之間與全球各個地區(qū)之間有了聯(lián)系。 它促使我們增加金融和非貨幣交易量，也加快了彼此間聯(lián)系的速度。

    推動財富在各民族中更合理地分配。1789年法國大革命的革命者們高呼：“冒險吧，因?yàn)槲覀円粺o所有�！痹陬愃瓢⒏缓惯@種國家的人們，每天還掙不到1美元，和可能受驅(qū)使采取激烈的手段來改變令人絕望的境況。

    建立真正的社會安全文化。 我們應(yīng)該發(fā)展預(yù)見復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)的破壞性一面及為此做好準(zhǔn)備的能力。 例如，新西蘭民眾已做好準(zhǔn)備，萬一有大災(zāi)難發(fā)生，他們也能獨(dú)立生存3天。 遺憾地是， 我們中間太多人希望生活在一個沒有風(fēng)險的社會。這意味著，即使在郵政系統(tǒng)的數(shù)百萬封信中，有不到10封被做了手腳也會引起廣泛的恐慌。

    鼓勵人們積極從以往的危機(jī)中學(xué)會如何應(yīng)對。我們必須學(xué)會容忍文化和宗教上的差異，尤其是要牢記“9•11事件”， 同時也要盡我們所能消除恐怖主義。我們還必須記�。簺]有什麼比羞辱更能驅(qū)使人們?nèi)ゲ扇〔活櫼磺泻蠊�的行動�?

    這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)不只是有關(guān)學(xué)會如何更有效地對抗或者為逃脫做好更充分的準(zhǔn)備的。它們實(shí)際上是關(guān)于學(xué)會如何以能降低未來受襲擊的可能性的方式去生活的，特別是因?yàn)槲覀冇肋h(yuǎn)無法完全避免那些危險。

    選擇搭配題參考譯文(2)

    年終是演講的主要時節(jié)， 不管是在雞尾酒會上對客戶們正式表示感謝，還是在家里與客人們圍坐在圣誕節(jié)的餐桌邊隨意閑聊。你要提前計劃和考慮將要說些什麼。用馬克•吐溫的話來說， 準(zhǔn)備一次有聲有色的即興演講通常需要超過三周的時間。

    了解你的聽眾：搞清楚你將對誰講話，以使自己的言論適應(yīng)他們。 例如， 對客戶、分析家和記者演講的方法就不同于在室內(nèi)與同事聚會時所使用的方法。

    立論：盡量使你的講話簡明扼要，把你需要表達(dá)的幾個要點(diǎn)弄清楚。 強(qiáng)調(diào)這些要點(diǎn)， 減少會使人誤解你意思的個人口頭禪。

    保持冷靜：一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)神經(jīng)興奮對你的演講是有好處的， 但過分興奮就太糟了。 不管你多麼需要酒后之勇也不要依賴酒精的幫助。做一次深呼吸并保持頭腦的清醒。

    目光接觸：建立與聽眾相處融洽的個人關(guān)系是一種技巧，它可以區(qū)分開出色的演講者和一般的演講者。如果一想到面對眾多的面孔你就發(fā)怵，那麼有規(guī)律地調(diào)節(jié)你的視線去注視房間的不同位置以達(dá)到同樣的效果。

    變化的音調(diào)和形體語言：單調(diào)會扼殺一次演講。神經(jīng)緊張會造成你的聲帶收縮，從而提高你的音調(diào)。努力地深呼吸，保持吐字清晰。 揮動手臂會分散聽眾的注意力， 但自然的、描述性的動作能加深表達(dá)的意思。

    閱讀欣賞

    A Spy Story

    While Hollywood’s film directors might favor a spy story with interesting characters, they have overlooked an obvious but hitherto unfilmed scenario.

    For instance, here in Tappan, N.Y. where I live, there’s a dramatic and true spy story written in history that today, two centuries later, still delights history buffs and avid readers of adventure stories.

    Tappan is a hamlet 12 miles from Manhattan as the crow flies or 45 to 50 minutes by auto depending upon the weather., road conditions or traffic. It is here that an important event in the Revolutionary War took place. And that gives us the story. The hamlet provides us with an authentic background where original buildings and sites have been carefully preserved. And the cast – a hero, a villain, and a scapegoat – comes straight out of history books, familiar to all who have studied United States history.

    Tappan’s adventure story unfolds something like this. …

    Notes: Hollywood好萊塢。scenario電影腳本。N.Y. 紐約。buffs愛好者。avid忘寢廢餐的。as the crow flies直線距離。cast 劇組成員。villain壞蛋。scapegoat替罪羊。