Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

　　If it were only necessary to decide whether to teach elementary science to everyone on a mass basis or to find the gifted few and take them as far as they can go， our task would be fairly simple. The public school system， however， has no such 1 ， 2 the jobs must be carried 3 at the same time. Because we depend so 4 upon science and technology for our 5， we must produce specialists in many fields. 6 we live in a 7 nation， whose citizens make the policies for the nation， large numbers of us must be educated to understand， to uphold， and 8 necessary， to judge the work of 9. The public school must educate both producers and 10 of scientific services.

　　In education， there should be a good balance 11 the branches of 12 that contribute to effective thinking and 13 judgment. Such balance is defeated by 14 much emphasis on any one field. This 15 of balance involves not only the 16 of the natural sciences， the social sciences and the arts but also relative emphasis among the natural sciences themselves.

　　17， we must have a balance between current and 18 knowledge. The attention of the public is continually drawn to new 19 in scientific fields and the discovery of new knowledge； these should not be allowed to turn our attention away from the sound， established materials that form the basis of 20 for beginners.

　　1.[A] entity　　 [B] auction 　　[C] choice　　 [D] coalition

　　2.[A] whereas 　　[B] though 　　[C] while　　 [D] for

　　3.[A] off 　　[B] forward　　 [C] away 　　[D] on

　　4.[A] substantially 　　[B] heavily 　　[C] equally [　　D] misleadingly

　　5.[A] stimulation　　 [B] shift 　　[C] progress 　　[D] glamour

　　6.[A] If [B] Although　　 [C] Because 　　[D] Supposing

　　7.[A] prosperous 　　[B] democratic 　　[C] literate　　 [D] thriving

　　8.[A] unless 　　[B] in case 　　[C] when 　　[D] only

　　9.[A] experts 　　[B] populace 　　[C] voters　　 [D] mob

　　10.[A] subscribers 　　[B] users　　 [C] passers-by　　 [D] victims

　　11.[A] amid　　 [B] between　　 [C] upon　　 [D] among

　　12.[A] knowledge 　　[B] data　　 [C] intelligence　　 [D] quest

　　13.[A] fair　　 [B] wise　　 [C] risky 　　[D] proper

　　14.[A] too　　 [B] fairly　　 [C] very 　　[D] rather

　　15.[A] incident　　 [B] question　　 [C] inference 　　[D] impact

　　16.[A] reaction 　　[B] cooperation　　 [C] interaction　　 [D] relation

　　17.[A] Conversely 　　[B] Similarly　　 [C] Accordingly 　　[D] Presumably

　　18.[A] primitive　　 [B] ultimate 　　[C] classical　　 [D] initial

　　19.[A] possibilities 　　[B] capabilities　　 [C] abilities　　 [D] responsibilities

　　20.[A] grounds　　 [B] courses 　　[C] doctrines 　　[D] quotas

　　SectionⅡReading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions： Reading the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）

　　Text 1

　　In the next century we‘ll be able to alter our DNA radically， encoding our visions and vanities while concocting new life-forms. When Dr. Frankenstein made his monster， he wrestled with the moral issue of whether he should allow it to reproduce，“Had I the right， for my own benefit， to inflict the curse upon everlasting generations？”Will such questions require us to develop new moral philosophies？

　　Probably not. Instead， we‘ll reach again for a time�瞭ested moral concept， one sometimes called the Golden Rule and which Kant， the millennium’s most prudent moralist， conjured up into a categorical imperative： Do unto others as you would have them do unto you； treat each person as an individual rather than as a means to some end.

　　Under this moral precept we should recoil at human cloning， because it inevitably entails using humans as means to other humans‘ends and valuing them as copies of others we loved or as collections of body parts， not as individuals in their own right. We should also draw a line， however fuzzy， that would permit using genetic engineering to cure diseases and disabilities but not to change the personal attributes that make someone an individual （IQ， physical appearance， gender and sexuality）。

　　The biotech age will also give us more reason to guard our personal privacy. Aldous Huxley in Brave New World， got it wrong： rather than centralizing power in the hands of the state， DNA technology has empowered individuals and families. But the state will have an important role， making sure that no one， including insurance companies， can look at our genetic data without our permission or use it to discriminate against us.

　　Then we can get ready for the breakthroughs that could come at the end of the next century and the technology is comparable to mapping our genes： plotting the 10 billion or more neurons of our brain. With that information we might someday be able to create artificial intelligences that think and experience consciousness in ways that are indistinguishable from a human brain. Eventually we might be able to replicate our own minds in a“dry�瞱are”machine， so that we could live on without the“wet�瞱are”of a biological brain and body. The 20th century‘s revolution in infotechnology will thereby merge with the 21st century’s revolution in biotechnology. But this is science fiction. Let‘s turn the page now and get back to real science.

　　21.Dr. Frankenstein‘s remarks are mentioned in the text

　　[A] to give an episode of the DNA technological breakthroughs.

　　[B] to highlight the importance of a means to some everlasting ends.

　　[C] to show how he created a new form of life a thousand years ago.

　　[D] to introduce the topic of moral philosophies incurred in biotechnology.

　　22.It can be concluded from the text that the technology of human cloning should be employed

　　[A] excessively and extravagantly. 　　　　[B] reasonably and cautiously.

　　[C] aggressively and indiscriminately. 　　　[D] openly and enthusiastically.

　　23.From the text， we learn that Aldous Huxley is of the opinion that

　　[A] DNA technology should be placed in the charge of individuals.

　　[B] government should assume less control over individuals.

　　[C] people need government to protect their DNA information.

　　[D] old moral precepts should be abolished on human cloning.

　　24.Judged from the information in the last paragraph， we can predict that the author is likely to write which of the following in the next section？

　　[A] The reflection upon biotechnological morality.

　　[B] The offensive invasion of our personal privacy.

　　[C] The inevitable change of IQs for our descendants.

　　[D] The present state of biotechnological research.

　　25.According to the last paragraph，“dry-ware”is to“wet-ware”as

　　[A]“collective”to“individual”�！　� 　[B]“fictional”to“factual”。

　　[C]“mechanical”to“corporeal”。 　　[D]“temporary”to“permanent”。

　　Text 2

　　Before a big exam， a sound night‘s sleep will do you more good than poring over textbooks. That， at least， is the folk wisdom. And science， in the form of behavioral psychology， supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form. The other says that they are actually formed during the day， but then“edited”at night， to flush away what is superfluous.

　　To tell the difference， it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person， and that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work， a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it. The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested in is rapid eye movement （REM） sleep， when brain and body are active， heart rate and blood pressure increase， the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie， and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams.

　　Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day， and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible， in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt how to do this， their response times got faster. What they did not know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a pattern—what is referred to as“artificial grammar”。 Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was not.

　　What is more， those with more to learn （i.e.， the“grammar”， as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button） have more active brains. The“editing”theory would not predict that， since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case. And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjects were learning as opposed to unlearning， their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep.

　　The team， therefore， concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep， particularly if the brain detects an inherent structure in the material being learnt. So now， on the eve of that crucial test， maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.

　　26.Researchers in behavioral psychology are divided with regard to

　　[A] how dreams are modified in their courses.

　　[B] the difference between sleep and wakefulness.

　　[C] why sleep is of great benefit to memory.

　　 [D] the functions of a good night‘s sleep.

　　27.As manifested in the experimental study， rapid eye movement is characterized by

　　[A] intensely active brainwave traces.　　 [B] subjects‘quicker response times.

　　[C] complicated memory patterns. 　　　[D] revival of events in the previous day.

　　28.By referring to the artificial grammar， the author intends to show

　　[A] its significance in the study. 　　[B] an inherent pattern being learnt.

　　[C] its resemblance to the lights.　　 [D] the importance of night‘s sleep.

　　29.In their study， researchers led by Pierre Maquet took advantage of the technique of

　　[A] exposing a long-held folk wisdom. 　　[B] clarifying the predictions on dreams.

　　[C] making contrasts and comparisons. 　　[D] correlating effects with their causes.

　　30.What advice might Maquet give to those who have a crucial test the next day？

　　[A] Memorizing grammar with great efforts.

　　[B] Study textbooks with close attention.

　　[C] Have their brain images recorded.

　　[D] Enjoy their sleep at night soundly.

　　Text 3

　　This line of inquiry did not begin until earlier this month—more than three months after the accident—because there were“too many emotions， too many egos，”said retired Adm. Harold Gehman， chairman of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board.

　　Testifying before the Senate Commerce Committee， Gehman said this part of his inquiry was in its earliest stages， starting just 10 days ago. But Gehman said he already has concluded it is“inconceivable”that NASA would have been unable or unwilling to attempt a rescue for astronauts in orbit if senior shuttle managers and administrators had known there was fatal damage to Columbia‘s left wing.

　　Gehman told reporters after the hearing that answers to these important questions could have enormous impact， since they could place in a different context NASA‘s decisions against more aggressively checking possible wing damage in the days before Columbia’s fatal return.

　　Investigators believe breakaway insulating foam damaged part of Columbia‘s wing shortly after lift�瞣ff， allowing superheated air to penetrate the wing during its fiery re�瞖ntry on Feb.1， melt it from inside.

　　Among those decisions was the choice by NASA‘s senior shuttle managers and administrators to reject offers of satellite images of possible damage to Columbia’s left wing before the accident. The subject dominated the early part of Wednesday‘s hearing.

　　Gehman complained managers and administrators“missed signals”when they rejected those offers for images， a pointedly harsh assessment of the space agency‘s inaction during the 16-day shuttle mission.

　　“We will attempt to pin this issue down in our report， but there were a number of bureaucratic and administrative missed signals here，”Gehman told senators.“We‘re not quite so happy with the process.”

　　The investigative board already had recommended that NASA push for better coordination between the space agency and military offices in charge of satellites and telescopes. The U.S. National Imagery and Mapping Agency in March agreed to regularly capture detailed satellite images of space shuttles in orbit.

　　Still， Gehman said it was unclear whether even images from America‘s most sophisticated spy satellites might have detected on Columbia’s wing any damage， which Gehman said could have been as small as two inches square. The precise capabilities of such satellites proved to be a sensitive topic during the Senate hearing.

　　31.This text is most probably taken from an article entitled“　”。

　　[A] Gehman‘s Comments on Columbia Accident.

　　[B] An Inquiry into Columbia Accident.

　　[C] Shedding Light on Shuttle‘s Safety.

　　[D] NASA’s Problems Being Exposed.

　　32.The word“they”in the sentence“since they could place”（Para.3） denotes

　　[A]“damages”。 　　[B]“answers”�！　� [C]“decisions”�！　� [D]“questions”。

　　33.According to the writer， what may chiefly be responsible for the Columbia accident？

　　[A] A supposed damage to the left wing of the spacecraft.

　　[B] The deliberate rejection of satellite images.

　　[C] A sense of sentiment and arrogance involved.

　　[D] The space agency‘s inaction during its mission.

　　34.As mentioned in the text， the Wednesday‘s hearing revolved around

　　[A] the precise capabilities of spy satellites in orbit.

　　[B] NASA‘s indecisions against checking upon the Columbia.

　　[C] NASA‘s rejection of satellite images offered.

　　[D] the coordination between NASA and military offices.

　　35.Which of the following can best describe Gehman‘s attitude towards satellite images？

　　[A] Apprehensive. 　　[B] Credulous. 　　[C] Indifferent. 　　[D] Cautious.

　　Text 4

　　When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace， scientists immediately get to work， trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes， success is achieved， as medical science is able to isolate the parasite， germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases， in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk， it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination， so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.

　　The process of vaccination allows the patient‘s body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that， if it is encountered， one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this， a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment， so that his body’s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease‘s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient’s immune system in a process that occurs naturally， in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that， should the patient later come into contact with the real problem， his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it， having already done so before.

　　There are dangers inherent in the process， however. On occasion， even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle， resulting in the immune system succumbing， and， therefore， the patient‘s death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine， designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10，000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus， if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today， 3000 Americans would be left dead.

　　Fortunately， the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970‘s， ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the disease， however， mandatory vaccinations may resume， resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process， which is truly a mixed blessing， may indeed hide some hidden curses.

　　36.The best title for the text may be

　　[A]“Vaccinations： A Blessing or A Curse.”

　　[B]“Principles of Vaccinations.”

　　[C]“Vaccines： Methods and Implications.”

　　[D]“A Miracle Cure Under Attack.”

　　37.What does the example of the Smallpox Vaccine illustrate？

　　[A] The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.

　　[B] The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.

　　[C] The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain disease.

　　[D] The method by which vaccines are employed against the disease.

　　38.The phrase“ward it off naturally”（Paragraph 2） most probably means

　　[A] dispose of it naturally. 　　[B] fight it off with ease.

　　[C] see to it reluctantly. 　　　[D] split it up properly.

　　39.Which of the following is true according to the text？

　　[A] Saving the majority would necessarily justify the death of the minority.

　　[B] The immune system can be trained to fight weaker versions of a disease.

　　[C] Mandatory vaccinations are indispensable to the survival of the populace.

　　[D] The process of vaccination remains a mystery to be further resolved.

　　40.The purpose of the author in writing this passage is

　　[A] to comment and criticize. 　　 [B] to demonstrate and argue.

　　[C] to interest and entertain.　　　 [D] to explain and inform.

　　Part B

　　本部分內(nèi)容請參見Part B（二）

　　Part C

　　Directions：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）

　　The old adage of the title has a parallel in the scientific world“all research leads to biomedical advances”。 The fact that research in one discipline contributes to another is well understood by the scientific community. It is not， however， so clear to the public or to public policy-makers. （46） Because public support for funding of biomedical research is strong， the scientific community could build a more effective case for public support of all science by articulating how research in other disciplines benefits biological medicine.

　　The time is ripe to improve public appreciation of science. A recent National Science Foundation survey suggested that Americans continue to support research expenditures. In addition， public opinion polls indicate that scientists and science leaders enjoy enviably high public esteems. （47） Instead of lamenting the lack of public understanding of science， we can work to enhance public appreciation of scientific research by showing how investigations are in many areas close-knit and contribute to biomedical advances. A crucial task is to convey to the public， in easily understood terms， the specific benefits and the overall good that result from research in all areas of science.

　　Take， for example， agricultural research. （48） On the surface， it may appear to have made few significant contributions to biomedical advances， except those directly related to human nutrition. This view is incorrect， however. In the case of nutrition， the connections between agricultural and biomedical research are best exemplified by the vitamin discoveries. （49） At the turn of the century， when the concept of vitamins had not yet surfaced and nutrition as a scientific discipline did not exist， it was in a department of agricultural chemistry that the first true demonstration of vitamins was made. Single-grain feeding experiments documented the roles of vitamins A and B. The essential role of some minerals （iron and copper） was shown later， and these discoveries provided the basis of modern human nutrition research.

　�。�50） Despite such direct links， however， it is the latest discoveries that have been made in agricultural research that reveal its true importance to biomedicine. Life-saving antibiotics such as streptomycin were discovered in soil microorganisms. The first embryo transplant was made in a dairy cow， and related research led to advances in the understanding of human reproduction.

　　SectionⅢWriting

　　Part A

　　51.

　　Direction：Yesterday you learnt in a newspaper advertisement that there is a job vacancy in a foreign-owned company. A secretary for the manager is needed. Write a letter to its personnel department， and

　　1） show your desire for the position，

　　2） describe your experience�瞨elated abilities，

　　3） and express your wish for a job interview.

　　Part B

　　52.

　　Direction：

　　Good Neighbors

　　A. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 200 words.

　　B. Your essay must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

　　C. Your essay should meet the requirements below：

　　1） describe the cartoon，

　　2） and point out its implications in our life.

　　Part B （二）

　　Sample One

　　Directions：In the following text， some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45， choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices， which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

　　As more and more material from other cultures became available， European scholars came to recognize even greater complexity in mythological traditions. Especially valuable was the evidence provided by ancient Indian and Iranian texts such as the Bhagavad-Gita and the Zend-A-vesta. From these sources it became apparent that the character of myths varied widely， not only by geographical region but also by historical period. （41） . He argued that the relatively simple Greek myth of Persephone reflects the concerns of a basic agricultural community， whereas the more involved and complex myths found later in Homer are the product of a more developed society.

　　Scholars also attempted to tie various myths of the world together in some way. From the late 18th century through the early 19th century， the comparative study of languages had led to the reconstruction of a hypothetical parent language to account for striking similarities among the various languages of Europe and the Near East. These languages， scholars concluded， belonged to an Indo-European language family. Experts on mythology likewise searched for a parent mythology that presumably stood behind the mythologies of all the European peoples. （42） . For example， an expression like“maiden dawn”for“sunrise”resulted first in personification of the dawn， and then in myths about her.

　　Later in the 19th century the theory of evolution put forward by English naturalist Charles Darwin heavily influenced the study of mythology. Scholars researched on the history of mythology， much as they would dig fossil-bearing geological formations， for remains from the distant past. （43） . Similarly， British anthropologist Sir James George Frazer proposed a three-stage evolutionary scheme in The Golden Bough. According to Frazer‘s scheme， human beings first attributed natural phenomena to arbitrary supernatural forces （ magic）， later explaining them as the will of the gods （religion）， and finally subjecting them to rational investigation （science）。

　　The research of British scholar William Robertson Smith， published in Lectures on the Religion of the Semites （1889）， also influenced Frazer. Through Smith‘s work， Frazer came to believe that many myths had their origin in the ritual practices of ancient agricultural peoples， for whom the annual cycles of vegetation were of central importance. （44） . This approach reached its most extreme form in the so-called functionalism of British anthropologist A. R. Radcliffe-Brown， who held that every myth implies a ritual， and every ritual implies a myth.

　　Most analyses of myths in the 18th and 19th centuries showed a tendency to reduce myths to some essential core-whether the seasonal cycles of nature， historical circumstances， or ritual. That core supposedly remained once the fanciful elements of the narratives had been stripped away. In the 20th century， investigators began to pay closer attention to the content of the narratives themselves. （45） .

　　[A] German-born British scholar Max Muller concluded that the Rig-Veda of ancient India—the oldest preserved body of literature written in an Indo-European language—reflected the earliest stages of an Indo-European mythology. Muller attributed all later myths to misunderstandings that arose from the picturesque terms in which early peoples described natural phenomena.

　　[B] The myth and ritual theory， as this approach came to be called， was developed most fully by British scholar Jan Ellen Harrison. Using insight gained from the work of French sociologist Emile Durkheim， Harrison argued that all myths have their origin in collective rituals of a society.

　　[C] Austrian psycho-analyst Sigmund Freud held that myths—like dreams—condense the material of experience and represent it in symbols.

　　[D] This approach can be seen in the work of British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor. In Primitive Culture （1871）， Tylor organized the religious and philosophical development of humanity into separate and distinct evolutionary stages.

　　[E] The studies made in this period were consolidated in the work of German scholar Christian Gottlob Heyne， who was the first scholar to use the Latin term myths （ instead of fabular ， meaning“fable”） to refer to the tales of heroes and gods.

　　[F] German scholar Karl Offried Muller followed this line of inquiry in his Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology， 1825.

　　Sample Two

　　Directions：The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45， you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

　　[A] These issues cut right across traditional religious dogma. Many people cling to the belief that the origin of life required a unique divine act. But if life on Earth is not unique， the case for a miraculous origin would be undermined. The discovery of even a humble bacterium on Mars， if it could be shown to have arisen independently from Earth life would support the view that life emerges naturally.

　　[B] Contrary to popular belief， speculation that we are not alone in the universe is as old as philosophy itself. The essential steps in the reasoning were based on the atomic theory of the ancient Greek philosopher Democritus. First， the laws of nature are universal. Second， there is nothing special or privileged about Earth. Finally， if something is possible， nature tends to make it happen. Philosophy is one thing， filling in the physical details is another. Although astronomers increasingly suspect that bio-friendly planets may be abundant in the universe， the chemical steps leading to life remain largely mysterious.

　　[C] There is， however， a contrary view—one that is gaining strength and directly challenges orthodox biology. It is that complexity can emerge spontaneously through a process of self�瞣rganization. If matter and energy have an inbuilt tendency to amplify and channel organized complexity， the odds against the formation of life and the subsequent evolution of intelligence could be drastically shortened. The relevance of self-organization to biology remains hotly debated. It suggests， however， that although the universe as a whole may be dying， an opposite， progressive trend may also exist as a fundamental property of nature. The emergence of extraterrestrial life， particularly intelligent life， is a key test for these rival paradigms.

　　[D] Similar reasoning applies to evolution. According to the orthodox view， Darwinian selection is utterly blind. Any impression that the transition from microbes to man represents progress is pure chauvinism of our part. The path of evolution is merely a random walk through the realm of possibilities. If this is right， there can be no directionality， no innate drive forward； in particular， no push toward consciousness and intelligence. Should Earth be struck by an asteroid， destroying all higher life-forms， intelligent beings， still less humanoids， would almost certainly not arise next time around.

　　[E] Traditionally， biologists believed that life is a freak—the result of a zillion-to-one accidental concatenation of molecules. It follows that the likelihood of its happening again elsewhere in the cosmos is infinitesimal. This viewpoint derives from the second law of thermodynamics， which predicts that the universe is dying-slowly and inexorably degenerating toward a state of total chaos. Life stumbles across this trend only because it is a pure statistical luck.

　　[F] Historically， the Roman Catholic church regarded any discussion of alien life as heresy. Speculating about other inhabited worlds was one reason philosopher Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake in 1600. Belief that mankind has a special relationship with God is central to the monotheistic religions. The existence of alien beings， especially if they were further advanced than humans intellectually and spiritually， would disrupt this cozy view.

　　[G] The discovery of life beyond earth would transform not only our science but also our religions， our belief systems and our entire world view. For in a sense， the search for extraterrestrial life is really a search for ourselves—who we are and what our place is in the grand sweep of the cosmos.

　　Order：

　　G 41 42 43 44 45 F

　　Sample Three

　　Direction：You are going to read a text about the season for relief， followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading （41-45）。 There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

　　Winter‘s harsh weather， shorter hours of daylight and family demands can all aggravate feelings of stress. According to Dr. Paul Rosch， president of the American Institute of Stress， one Midwestern headache clinic reported that complaints of tension and migraine headaches increased 40 percent from Thanksgiving to Christmas， compared with other six�瞱eek periods during the year.

　　Many physicians are now trained in techniques to relieve tension and stress. But which strategies do they themselves use？ Here top health professionals reveal their favorite stressbusters. Six in all， they are：

　�。�41） Soothe with food. When nutritional biochemist Judith Wurtman is stressed out， she does what a lot of people do this time of year： she reaches for food. But in her case， it‘s a healthy rice cake or two.

　　（42） Run from your problem. Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper handles his own stress with a daily after�瞱ork run.

　�。�43） Check your perspective. Driving in for a busy day as a MayoClinic stress-management expert， psychologist John Taylor saw the oil-maintenance light pop on in his minivan. He faced a nonstop schedule of patients and had to pick up his three-year-old after work.“I felt myself tense up，”recalls Taylor， who then tried his quick stress-busting strategy. He asked himself， Is this a matter of life or death？ No. The oil could safely be changed the next week.

　�。�44） Look to the light side. On his way to the hospital where his father was to undergo surgery， author and educator Joel Goodman shared a hotel courtesy van with the anxious relatives of several patients. The driver began telling his stressed-out passengers a few jokes.“Then he did some magic tricks that had my mother and me laughing，”Goodman says.“In that five-minute ride he taught us that humor can relieve our stress.”The surgery was successful.

　�。�45） Take a timeout. A major cause of anxiety is an overloaded schedule. It‘s one source of stress you can ward off by preparing ahead.

　　Say a little prayer. Psychologist and medical scientist Joan Bprysenko of Boulder， Colo.， maintains that since most people spend too much time agonizing over the past or worrying about the future， the key to lessening stress is learning how to live emotionally in the present.

　　“It helps to have some ritual to do this，”says Borysenko. For her the most relaxing ritual is“each morning when I pray.”Prayer has been shown to reduce the impact of stress hormones such as noradrenaline and adrenaline.

　　But remember， says Borysenko， doctors can‘t turn on their patient’“internal healing system”。 That inner clam is up to you. So you‘re sick of stress， heal thyself.

　　[A] Williams counts himself among the 20 percent of adults whose susceptibility to anger is high enough to threaten their health. But everyone can try his approach to handling the stressors that set anger off—and it needn‘t be in a work environment.

　　[B]“Aerobic exercise is the best way to dissipate stress and make the transition into family time，”says the expert. But， he cautions， don‘t let exercise itself become a stress. Even moderate activity—such as a daily 30 minute walk can improve health and mood.“That’s why I tell my patients to be sure to walk their dog every day，”he says with a chuckle，“even if they don‘t have one.”

　　[C]“My research suggests that carbohydrates raise levels of the mood-regulating brain chemical serotonin， which exerts a calming effect on the entire body，”says the M.I.T research scientist.“So symptoms of stress—such as anger， tension， irritability and inability to concentrate—are eased.”

　　[D] He tells patients to do only those tasks that would have serious consequences if left undone.“Will you die if you don‘t do the laundry？”he asks. Taking at least half an hour a day to do something you enjoy， he notes， lets you recharge you batteries. Especially around the holidays， skip some routine chores to make time for family and friends.

　　[E] When cardiologist Ray Rosenman was associate chief of medicine at San Francisco‘s Mount Zion Hospital， he would block off half an hour a day on his schedule.“If an emergency came up， I moved patients into that slot，”says Rosenman， co-author of Type A Behavior and Your Heart.“Or used that half-hour to return calls or go through my mail. You can’t control everything， but you can control your schedule to create some breathing space for yourself.”

　　[F] He was so moved by his experience that he researched laughter‘s power.“A good laugh relaxes muscles， lowers blood pressure， suppresses stress-related hormones and enhances the immune system，”he says. In his workshops he tells clients to ask themselves how their favorite comedian would see this stressful situation.

　　Sample Four

　　Directions：You are going to read a list of headings and a text about explorations into maple lores. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A－F for each numbered paragraph （41－45）。 The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

　　[A] The influence of maples on the Canadian culture.

　　[B] The token of maples in Canada.

　　[C] Contemplation of global distribution of maples.

　　[D] The triumph of Nokomis over the devils with the help of maples.

　　[E] The popularity of the maple in a favorite myth.

　　[F] The maple signals the approach of fall.

　　The maple smoke of autumn bonfires is incense to Canadians. Bestowing perfume for the nose， color for the eye， sweetness for the spring tongue， the sugar maple prompts this sharing of a favorite myth and original etymology of the word maple.

　　41

　　The maple looms large in Ojibwa folk tales. The time of year for sugaring�瞣ff is“in the Maple Moon.”Among Ojibwa， the primordial female figure is Nokomis， a wise grandmother. In one tale about seasonal change， cannibal wendigos-creatures of evil—chased old Nokomis through the autumn countryside. Wendigos throve in icy cold. When they entered the bodies of humans， the human heart froze solid. Here wendigos represent oncoming winter. They were hunting to kill and eat poor Nokomis， the warm embodiment of female fecundity who， like the summer， has grown old.

　　42

　　Knowing this was a pursuit to the death， Nokomis outsmarted the cold devils. She hid in a stand of maple trees， all red and orange and deep yellow. This maple grove grew beside a waterfall whose mist blurred the trees‘outline. As they peered through the mist， slavering wendigos thought they saw a raging fire in which their prey was burning. But it was only old Nokomis being hidden by the bright red leaves of her friends， the maples. And so， drooling ice and huffing frost， the wendigos left her and sought easier prey. For their service in saving the earth mother’s life， these maples were given a special gift： their water of life would be forever sweet， and Canadians would tap it for nourishment.

　　43

　　Maple and its syrup flow sweetly into Canadian humor. Quebeckers have the standard sirop d‘erable for maple syrup， but add a feisty insult to label imitation syrups that are thick with glucose glop. They call this sugary imposter sirop de Poteau“telephone�瞤ole syrup”or dead tree syrup.

　　44

　　The contention that maple syrup is unique to North America is suspect， I believe. China has close to 10 species of maple， more than any country in the world. Canada has 10 native species. North America does happen to be home to the sugar maple， the species that produces the sweetest sap and the most abundant flow. But are we to believe that in thousands of years of Chinese history， these inventive people never tapped a maple to taste its sap？ I speculate that they did. Could Proto-Americas who crossed the Bering land bridge to populate the Americas have brought with them a knowledge of maple syrup？ Is there a very old Chinese phrase for maple syrup？ Is maple syrup mentioned in Chinese literature？ For a non-reader of Chinese， such questions are daunting but not impossible to answer.

　　45

　　What is certain is the maple‘s holdfast on our national imagination. Its leaf was adopted as an emblem in New France as early as 1700， and in English Canada by the mid-19th century. In the fall of 1867， a Toronto schoolteacher named Alexander Muir was traipsing a street at the city， all squelchy underfoot from the soft felt of falling leaves， when a maple leaf alighted to his coat sleeve and stuck there. At home that evening， he wrote a poem and set it to music， in celebration of Canada’s Confederation. Muir‘s song，“The Maple Leaf Forever，”was wildly popular and helped fasten the symbol firmly to Canada.

　　The word“maple”is from“mapeltreow”， the Old English term for maple tree， with“mapl”—as its Proto�睪ermanic root， a compound in which the first“m”—is， I believe， the nearly worldwide“ma”， one of the first human sounds， the pursing of a baby‘s lips as it prepares to suck milk from mother’s breast. The“ma”root gives rise in many world languages to thousands of words like“mama”，“mammary”，“maia”， and“Amazon.”Here it would make“mapl�病眒ean“nourishing mother tree，”that is， tree whose maple sap in nourishing. The second part of the compound，“apl�病�， is a variant of Indo�睧uropean able“fruit of any tree”and the origin of another English fruit word， apple. So the primitive analogy compares the liquid sap with another nourishing liquid， mother‘s milk.

　SectionⅠUse of English

　　篇章導讀

　　本文是一篇論說文。文章的主題是“英才通才教育”。作者在文章開頭就提出了一個具有選擇性的問題：“如果我們只是需要決定是把基本的科學傳授給每個人，還是找一些有才華的人，引領他們變得更出色，那么我們的工作將會相當容易�！彪S后作者從“the education in public school， the balance among the branches of knowledge and the balance between current and classical knowledge”三個方面來論述在教育中保持知識平衡的重要性。解讀文章時注意作者的客觀態(tài)度。

　　思路解析

　　1「答案」[C]

　　「解析」“選擇”。根據(jù)文章一致性原則，“choice”與文章第一句中的“decide決定”形成呼應，根據(jù)原文“decide whether……or……”所以下文就應該是對其有所“選擇choice”或沒有“選擇choice”。而選項[A]“（與屬性區(qū)別的）本質(zhì)：the entity of justice正義的本質(zhì)”，[B]“拍賣；（某些紙牌戲中的）叫牌；叫牌階段”，[D]“結合體，聯(lián)合；（政黨、個人、國家等）臨時結成的聯(lián)盟”是本題的干擾，均不形成呼應，不符合題意。

　　2「答案」[D]

　　「解析」“因為”�！癴or”與文章第一段第三句中的“Because we depend……”構成搭配，均表示解釋原因。而選項[A][B][C]均不用于解釋原因，不符合原文意思。

　　3「答案」[D]

　　「解析」“堅持下去；繼續(xù)下去”�！癱arry on”與原文中的“at the same time同時”是一種搭配，而且根據(jù)原文意思：“由于這種工作必須同時繼續(xù)下去”，所以選擇“carry on”。而選項[A]“carry off拿走，搬走；抓走；奪走；致……死亡”，[B]“carry forward推進，使前進”，[C]“carry away拿走，搬走；搶走；沖走，卷走；使激動而失去自制力；吸引住”均不符合題意。

　　4「答案」[B]

　　「解析」“大量地”。根據(jù)原文意思：“因為為了我們的發(fā)展，我們大量地依據(jù)科學和技術，所以必須培養(yǎng)出許多領域里的專家。”，所以選擇“heavily”。而選項[A]“substantially實際上；大體上；實質(zhì)上”，[C]“equally相等地；同樣地”，[D]“misleadingly誤解地”均不符合題意。

　　5「答案」[C]

　　「解析」“進步；發(fā)展；進展”。根據(jù)文章的一致性，“progress”與上文的“as far as they can go”構成呼應。而選項[A]“刺激；鼓舞；激勵”，[B]“轉(zhuǎn)換，轉(zhuǎn)變；（輪）班，（換）班”，[D]“魔力；魔法；魅力”均不構成呼應，不符合題意。

　　6「答案」[C]

　　「解析」“因為”。根據(jù)文章的一致性，“because”與上句的“Because we depend……”形成句子結構的一致性。而選項[A][B][D]均不構成句子的一致性，不符合題意。

　　7「答案」[B]

　　「解析」“民主主義的；民主政體的；平民的”。根據(jù)文章一致性原則，“democratic”與“whose citizens”形成一種照應。而選項[A]“繁榮的；富裕的；興旺的”，[C]“受過教育的；有學識的”，[D]“興隆的；興旺的；繁榮的”均不構成呼應，不符合題意。

　　8「答案」[C]

　　「解析」“when”。根據(jù)原文，在文章開頭作者就用假設的手法提出了問題“if……whether……or”，而“when”表達的是對可能出現(xiàn)的某種情況的回答，即對“if”的假設問題的回答，所以選擇“when”。而選項[A]“unless除非；除外”，[B]“in case萬一”，[D]“only僅僅”均不符合題意。

　　9「答案」[A]

　　「解析」“專家”。根據(jù)文章一致性原則，“experts”與“specialists專家”構成一致性。而選項[B]“平民；民眾；老百姓”與文章意思相反，[C]“選舉人；投票者；有投票權者”，[D]“暴民；暴徒”是本題的干擾，均不符合題意。

　　10「答案」[B]

　　「解析」“用戶；使用者”。根據(jù)文章一致性，“users”與原文第一句中的“a mass basis”形成呼應，而且“users使用者”與原文中的“producers生產(chǎn)者”形成一種搭配。而選項[A]“購者；訂閱者”，[C]“過路人；路人”，[D]“受害者；犧牲品”均不形成一致性，不符合題意。

　　11「答案」[D]

　　「解析」“在（三者或三者以上）……之間”。根據(jù)上下文，上文提到的“science and technology”、“in many fields”以及下文的“the branches of”可知應填入“among”。而選項[A]“amid在……中間，被……圍繞”，[B]“between在（兩者）……之間”，[C]“upon在……之上”均不符合題意。

　　12「答案」[A]

　　「解析」“知識”。根據(jù)上文第一句提到的“teach elementary science”，“knowledge”與“teach”形成搭配。而選項[B]“數(shù)據(jù)”，[C]“智力”，[D]“探索；探詢”均不符合題意。

　　13「答案」[B]

　　「解析」“聰明的；明智的”。根據(jù)文章的一致性，“wise”與“good”形成呼應。而選項[A]“公平的；清晰的”，[C]“危險的；冒險的；大膽的”，[D]“適當?shù)�；正確的”均不符合題意。

　　14「答案」[A]

　　「解析」“（用于形容詞或副詞前）太；過分”。根據(jù)原文：“由于在任何一個領域太多地強調(diào)以至于造成這種平衡失敗了�！薄皌oo”用于表示否定的語氣，否定了平衡的成功。而選項[B]“fairly（常用于褒義的場合）公正地，正當?shù)�；相當，還算”，[C]“very很，十分”，[D]“rather（常用于貶義的場合）相當，有一點兒”均不符合題意。

　　15「答案」[B]

　　「解析」“問題”。根據(jù)全文的第一句“If it were only……whether……or……”，該句是提問式的句子，是需要做出回答的問題，所以選擇“question”。而選項[A]“小事件；事件”，[C]“推論；推理；暗示”，[D]“沖擊；沖突；影響”均不符合原文意思。

　　16「答案」[D]

　　「解析」“關系”。根據(jù)文章的一致性，“relation”與下句中的“relative”構成呼應。而選項[A]“反應”，[B]“合作，[C]”相互作用；相互影響“均不符合原文意思。

　　17「答案」[B]

　　「解析」“同樣地”。根據(jù)上下文，上文談到“balance”，下文的主題也是“balance”，所以選擇“Similarly同樣地”作為過度，連接上下文。而選項[A]“相反地”，[C]“因此；于是”，[D]“也許；假定地”均不符合題意。

　　18「答案」[C]

　　「解析」“古典的；經(jīng)典的”�！癱lassical古典的”與“current現(xiàn)今的；當今的”是一種對比，指“保持現(xiàn)在和過去的知識的一種平衡”。而選項[A]“原始的，遠古的，早期的”，[B]“比較后的；比較終的；根本的”，[D]“比較初的；開始的；字首的”是本題的干擾，均不符合題意。

　　19「答案」[A]

　　「解析」“可能；可能性”。本題考查形近義異詞辨析。根據(jù)全文以及該句的意思：“大眾將繼續(xù)將注意力放到科學領域（出現(xiàn)的）新的可能性和新知識的發(fā)現(xiàn)上�！彼�以選擇“possibilities”。而選項[B]“能力；才能”，[C]“能力；本領；才能”，[D]“責任；負擔”均不符合題意。

　　20「答案」[B]

　　「解析」“教學；課程；教程”。根據(jù)文章一致性原則，“courses”與全文第一句中的“elementary science”形成呼應，而選項[A]“場地；背景”，[C]“教義，教條，主義”，[D]“（分）定額，限額，配額；定量”均不構成呼應，不符合題意。

　　SectionⅡReading Comprehension

　　Part A　　Text 1

　　篇章導讀

　　這篇文章采用的是一種對比的思維模式。本文講述了關于DNA遺傳技術本身涉及的道德和道義問題。作者在第1自然段引用了弗蘭肯斯坦博士所創(chuàng)造的一個怪物，從而引出了DNA的道義問題和道德問題，并提出一個問題即我們要不要去形成一種新的道德哲學觀呢。之后在第2自然段作者對該問題做出了回答，說不用，其實在一千年以前康德就說過個體不應該作為一種達到目的的手段。在第3自然段作者批判了為達到目的而把DNA技術當作手段的問題。在第4自然段作者對比性地說明了，關于個人以及國家究竟誰來控制DNA的問題，在第5自然段作者又對比了人和機械之間的差異性。文章的關鍵詞為“alter our DNA radically”、“l(fā)ife�瞗orms”、“moral issue”、“reproduce”、“moral philosophies”等等。

　　思路解析

　　21「答案」[D]

　　「解析」題干問：“本文引用弗蘭肯斯坦博士所說的話的目的是為了……”。此題可以定位在第1自然段，且文章1、2、3段反復強調(diào)“moral philosophies”，因此選項[D]“引入生物技術中所存在的道德問題的話題”為正確選項。而選項[A]“給出DNA技術突破的精彩的一頁”，選項[B]“強調(diào)手段對達到一種永久目的的重要性”和選項[C]“顯示出他是如何在一千年前創(chuàng)造一種新的生命形式”都與原文不相符，不是作者引用的目的

　　22「答案」[B]

　　「解析」題干問：“我們從文章可以得出結論：人類克隆技術應該使用的方式是……”。正確選項為[B]“合理的并且是相當謹慎的”，從文中2、3、4自然段定位，歸納以后得出這樣的選項。而選項[A]“過分和奢侈的”，選項[C]“激進的和不分青紅皂白的”和選項[D]“公開的而且是熱情的”都與作者在整篇文章所使用的語氣不相符合。

　　23「答案」[A]

　　「解析」題干問：“我們從本文得知，奧爾德斯·賀胥黎持有怎樣的觀點？”此題可定位在第4自然段，正確選項為[A]“DNA技術應該受到個人的控制”，作者在文中對奧爾德斯·賀胥黎的觀點提出了一種批判。而選項[B]“政府應該對個人少加以控制”，選項[C]“人們需要政府來保護DNA信息”，和原文的意思是相反的。選項[D]“關于人類克隆的道德觀念應該被刪除”與問題不符合。

　　24「答案」[D]

　　「解析」題干問：“從全文比較后一段推測，我們能預測下面哪項是作者在下一部分將要講述的內(nèi)容？”此題可定位于全文的比較后一句。正確選項為[D]“生物技術研究的現(xiàn)狀”。而選項[A]“反思生物技術的道德”，選項[B]“對我們的個人隱私的冒犯性的侵犯”和選項[C]“我們后代智商不可避免的改變”都無法從文章的邏輯得出這樣的判斷。

　　25「答案」[C]

　　「解析」題干問：“根據(jù)比較后一段，‘干件’和‘濕件’的關系就像……”。在文中“干件”指的是機器，“濕件”指的是人的肉體，因此選項[C]“機器和肉體的關系”為正確選項。而選項[A]“整體和個體”，選項[B]“想象和現(xiàn)實”和選項[D]“暫時和永遠”都不能構成類比的邏輯關系。

　　參考譯文

　　到下個世紀，我們將能從根本上改變我們的DNA，即在制造新的生命形式時對自己的理智和情感進行編碼。弗蘭肯斯坦博士造出他的怪物時，他曾就是否應該允許它繁殖生育而深思這樣一個道德問題：“我有權利為我自己的利益而降禍于子孫后代嗎？”這樣的問題是否要求我們發(fā)展新的道德哲學？

　　也許不是。相反，我們將重溫一個歷經(jīng)考驗的道德觀念，它有時被稱作“黃金法則”。一千年來比較嚴謹?shù)牡赖轮髁x者——康德將這一觀念塑造成一個“絕對命令”：己所不欲，勿施于人；要把每個人作為個體對待，而不是作為達到某種目的的手段。

　　在這一道德準則下，我們應該摒棄人類的克隆技術，因為它不可避免地會使一些人成為達到另外一些人目標的手段。這些人的價值只體現(xiàn)在他們是我們喜愛的人的復制品或是許多身體部件的組合上，而不在于他們是有自身權利的個體。不管多么模糊，我們還應劃一個界限，在這個范圍內(nèi)遺傳工程可被用來治療疾病和彌補缺陷，而不是用來改變決定一個人成為個體的個人特性（智商、身體特征、性別和性征）。

　　生物技術的時代將給我們更充分的理由來保護個人隱私。奧爾德斯·赫胥黎在《美妙的新世界》一書中犯了一個錯誤：他把DNA技術授權給了個體和家庭，而沒有把權力集中于國家手中。但是（事實上）國家將起到很重要的作用，那就是保證包括保險公司在內(nèi)的任何人，沒有我們的允許不能看到我們的遺傳數(shù)據(jù)或利用它來歧視我們。

　　那么我們可以迎接可能于下世紀末出現(xiàn)的生物技術的突破，這一技術突破可與描繪基因相媲美：標記出我們大腦中的100億甚至更多的神經(jīng)元。應用這些信息，我們有朝一日可能創(chuàng)造出人工智能，它們的思維和經(jīng)驗意識方式與人腦沒有什么區(qū)別。比較終我們可能在一臺機器“干件”里復制出我們自己的頭腦，這樣的話，我們就能夠不依賴生物大腦和人體這樣的“濕件”而活著。20世紀信息技術的革命將由此同2l世紀的生物技術革命融為一體。當然這只是科學幻想�，F(xiàn)在還是讓我們回到現(xiàn)實科學中來吧。

　　Text 2

　　篇章導讀

　　本文是一篇關于睡眠方面的研究性的文章。文章第1自然段說好睡眠是相當重要的，而沒有必要在考前努力地研讀課本，那么關于這種古訓毫無疑問是正確的，而人們沒有搞清楚的是為什么睡眠對記憶有好處，我們知道它好，卻不知道它為什么好。隨后作者通過文章第2、3、4、5段的科學實驗，進一步澄清說明睡眠的確對于記憶是有好處的。文章的關鍵詞為“sound night‘s sleep”、“science”、“behavioral psychology”、“memory”以及“brainwave”等等。

　　思路解析

　　26「答案」[C]

　　「解析」題干問：“行為心理學的研究者對于什么有不同的觀點？”文中第1自然段提到他們對為什么睡眠對記憶有好處持有不同的觀點，因此[C]“為什么睡眠對記憶有很大的好處”為正確選項。而選項[A]“夢是如何在其過程中得到改變的”，選項[B]“睡眠和蘇醒的區(qū)別”和選項[D]“好睡眠的功能”均不是他們分歧的觀點。

　　27「答案」[A]

　　「解析」題干問：“如實驗室研究中所表明，快眼運動的特征是……”。正確選項為[A]“急劇活躍的腦電圖”，此題可以定位在第2自然段，且在第3、4段又再次說明。選項[B]“被研究者很快的反應速度”，選項[C]“復雜的記憶模式”和選項[D]“前一天事件的重現(xiàn)”都不是快眼運動的主要特征。

　　28「答案」[B]

　　「解析」題干問：“作者談到‘人工語法’，目的是為了說明……”。正確選項為[B]“所學到的內(nèi)在模式”，此題定位于原文的第3段，且在原文的第5段作者以學數(shù)學的學生為例說明，如果睡得好，大腦會發(fā)現(xiàn)一種內(nèi)在的某種學習材料的模式。選項[A]“研究的重要性”，選項[C]“和燈泡的相似”和選項[D]“睡眠的重要性”都不是作者說到“人工語法”所要談論的目的。

　　29「答案」[C]

　　「解析」題干問：“在研究中皮埃爾·馬凱領導的小組主要利用的是什么方法？”正確選項為[C]“采用一種對比和比較的方式”，這個題考察的是對2、3、4、5段的歸納，他們把各種情形的情況進行對比性的研究。選項[A]“揭示一種長期持有的古訓”，選項[B]“澄清了對夢的預言”和選項[D]“把因果關系聯(lián)系在一起”都不是他們所使用的主要方法。

　　30「答案」[D]

　　「解析」題干問：“馬凱給第二天參加大考的人有什么建議？”正確選項為[D]“在晚上好好的睡覺”，這是一個通篇的中心歸納的考察題，在晚上好好的睡覺對記憶是有好處的。而選項[A]“努力地記憶語法”，選項[B]“認真地研究課本”和選項[C]“記錄自己的腦呈像”都不是他的明顯建議，盡管這些錯誤的選項使用了原文中的某些表達和單詞。

　　參考譯文

　　大考之前，一夜酣睡要比你研讀書本更有益。不管怎樣，人們將其視為至理名言�？茖W（行為心理學）證明了這一名言。關于為何睡眠有助于大腦記憶有兩種相對立的說法，但行為科學研究卻不能夠?qū)ζ溥M行區(qū)分。一種理論認為，睡眠中形成永久記憶。另一種理論認為，記憶實際上是在白天形成的，只不過是在晚上對它“編輯”，并把多余的刪去。

　　要對兩種理論進行區(qū)分，探究人在睡眠過程中大腦的情況是必要的，但又是困難的。經(jīng)過十年的艱苦工作，比利時列日大學的皮埃爾·馬凱領導的小組卻做到了這一點。比利時小組尤其感興趣的睡眠階段是快速眼動（REM）睡眠。這時，大腦和身體處于活躍狀態(tài)，心跳加速，血壓升高，眼球在眼皮下來回移動，仿佛在欣賞電影，腦電圖與清醒時相似。正是這段睡眠時間，白天發(fā)生的事才比較有可能在夢中出現(xiàn)。

　　馬凱醫(yī)生使用一種稱為PET的電子設備對白天從事某項任務的人進行研究，并在晚上他們熟睡時進行跟蹤研究。這項任務要求他們在看到六個不同位置處的燈光亮時，迅速按下電鈕，越快越好。當他們學會如何去做以后，反應速度就加快了。他們不知道燈亮有時是按照一定的模式出現(xiàn)的——這種模式被稱作“人造語法”。而反應時間的縮短正說明他們在有模式時比沒有模式時學得快。

　　而且，要學的東西越多（比如學習“語法”和機械性的按下電鈕），大腦就越活躍�！熬庉嫛崩碚摕o法對此進行預測，因為在任何情況下，無關刺激的數(shù)量都是一樣的。試驗對象在醒來時的反應時間甚至比睡覺時還快，從而消除了他們在學習，而不是沒有學這一疑慮。

　　因此，該小組得出結論，在快速眼動（REM）睡眠中，通過再次激活，使與記憶有關的神經(jīng)連接得到加強。尤其是當大腦注意到所學材料的內(nèi)在結構時，更是如此。所以，大考前夜，參加第二天數(shù)學考試的學生可以酣睡，他們知道明天需要記住的都是些基本的代數(shù)法則，而不是隔壁收音機里斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的話語。

　　Text 3

　　篇章導讀

　　本文主要是一篇闡述型的文章。中心是哥倫比亞號航天飛機失事的調(diào)查經(jīng)過。第1自然段作者首先提出因為有太多的情感和太多的自負，所以這個調(diào)查很難進行。在第2自然段，調(diào)查組的領導人Gehman很謹慎地說，如果要真知道這個飛機的左翼出現(xiàn)問題的話，美國航空航天局的研究人員肯定會實施營救的，但目前問題在于美國航空航天局的研究人員有沒有反對過或決定反對過進行調(diào)查，在4、5、6、7段作者講述了在聽證會上的主題即美國航空航天局拒絕接受軍事部門提供的衛(wèi)星照片。本文的關鍵詞為“inquiry”、“accident”、“Gehman”、“NASA”等等。

　　思路解析

　　31「答案」[B]

　　「解析」題干問：“本文比較可能選自標題為……的文章”。正確選項為[B]“對哥倫比亞號事件的調(diào)查”，“inquiry”和“accident”為本文的中心關鍵詞，很顯然文章的中心關鍵詞作為整篇文章的大標題。而選項[A]“Gehman對哥倫比亞號失事的評論”，在這篇文章中作者的態(tài)度相當謹慎，就事論事，沒有涉及太多的評價。選項[C]“闡述航天飛機的安全”，離題太遠。選項[D]“美國航空航天局正在被揭露的問題”，文中確實講到美國航空航天局存在問題，但只是一部分，而不能作為整體。

　　32「答案」[B]

　　「解析」題干問：“在句子‘since they could place’中的‘they’所指的是……”。正確選項為[B]“回答”，對該句進行句型分析后，得出“they”指代的對象為前面的“answers”，“answer”為在聽證會上的回答。選項[A]“賠償金”，選項[C]“決定”和選項[D]“問題”都與原文語境不相符合。

　　33「答案」[A]

　　「解析」題干問：“根據(jù)作者，導致哥倫比亞號航天飛機失事的主要原因是……”。文中作者明確講述了導致航天飛機失事可能主要是因為其左翼受到了損壞，因此選項[A]“一個很可能左翼受到的損壞”為正確選項。而選項[B]“故意拒絕衛(wèi)星圖片”，選項[C]“有一種多愁善感以及所涉及的一種自負”和選項[D]“航天機構在執(zhí)行任務中的行動遲緩”都不是導致事件直接引發(fā)的原因。

　　34「答案」[C]

　　「解析」題干問：“像文中所提到的，星期三的聽證會的主題是……”。在4、5、6、7段反復講到了美國航空航天局拒絕接受軍事部門提供的衛(wèi)星圖像，此題可以定位在第5段的比較后一句，“The subject dominated the early part of Wednesday‘s hearing”，該句中的“subject”指的就是美國航空航天局拒絕接受軍事部門提供的衛(wèi)星圖像，因此選項[C]“美國航空航天局拒絕了軍事部門提供的衛(wèi)星圖像”為正確選項。而選項[A]“軌道中情報衛(wèi)星的一種精確能力”，選項[B]“美國航空航天局沒有作出決定反對對哥倫比亞號的檢測”和選項[D]“美國航空航天局和軍事部門的合作”，盡管文中都有所提及，但卻不是這次聽證會所解決的問題和焦點。

　　35「答案」[D]

　　「解析」題干問：“下面哪項比較能描述Gehman對于衛(wèi)星圖像的態(tài)度？”此題可定位于比較后一段，該段講述了Gehman對衛(wèi)星圖像能否檢測出破損仍舊不敢肯定，且綜觀全文，可以看出他的態(tài)度是相當謹慎的，因此選項[D]“謹慎”為正確選項。而選項[A]“擔心恐懼的”，選項[B]“盲目輕信的”和選項[C]“冷漠的”都不能概括原文的中心和含義。

　　參考譯文

　　在事故發(fā)生后的三個多月也就是本月初，這宗調(diào)查才開始，原因是有“太多的情緒和自負”，哥倫比亞號事故調(diào)查委員會的主席Harold Gehman如是說道。

　　在參議院商業(yè)委員會前作證時，Gehman說他的這部分調(diào)查才剛剛開始，始于十天之前。但是他已經(jīng)得出了一個結論：如果說宇航局的高級管理官員們知道了哥倫比亞號航天飛機的左翼有致命的故障存在，而美國航空航天局卻不愿或不能對進入軌道的宇航員采取營救行動，是不能令人信服的。

　　Gehman于聽證會后告訴記者，關于一些重要問題的答案可能會產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。原因是這些答案可能在一個不同的情形下審視宇航局的決定，宇航局決定反對在哥倫比亞號返航前仔細檢查可能出現(xiàn)的側翼故障。

　　調(diào)查人員認為哥倫比亞號起飛后不久隔熱泡沫的流失損壞了飛機左翼。這導致了二月一日航天飛機返航時超高溫的熱空氣穿過飛船的側翼引起大火并融化了飛船的內(nèi)部。

　　在這些決定中，有關于宇航局管理官員拒絕接受軍方所提供的關于哥倫比亞號航天飛機左翼隱患的衛(wèi)星照片。這一主題占據(jù)了周三聽證會的前半部分。

　　Gehman抱怨說管理官員在拒絕被提供的照片時“錯失了故障的征兆”，這是對宇航局在16天的航天飛機航行期間的做事不力的直接尖刻的評價。

　　Gehman告訴參議員：“我們將把這件事詳細地寫進我們的報告，但是事故中有大量的官員和管理者錯失了故障的征兆，我們對調(diào)查的進程不甚滿意�！�

　　調(diào)查委員會曾建議美國航空航天局促成宇航局和掌管衛(wèi)星及望遠鏡的軍方部門間更好的合作。美國國家圖像和測繪部在三月份已同意定期為在軌道上運行的航天飛機進行詳細的衛(wèi)星圖像拍照。

　　來自于美國軍方比較先進的間諜衛(wèi)星的照片是否能檢測出哥倫比亞號飛船側翼上的兩英寸大小的破損，Gehman對此仍舊不敢肯定。這種衛(wèi)星的精確度是聽證會上的敏感話題。

　　Text 4

　　篇章導讀

　　本文講述的中心是關于接種疫苗與防止傳染病的重要性。第2自然段講述了接種疫苗后整個免疫系統(tǒng)的應付過程，第3自然段闡述的是接種疫苗可能存在的危險。比較后一段對比分析接種疫苗所帶來的好處以及不足之處。本文的關鍵詞為“disease of epidemic”、“populace”、“vaccination”等等。

　　思路解析

　　36「答案」[C]

　　「解析」題干問：“本文比較好的標題是什么？”正確選項為[C]“疫苗：方法和內(nèi)在含義”，這一選項能概括說明文章的中心。而選項[A]“接種：福音或詛咒”，漏掉了關于接種疫苗的過程，是對中心的部分概括。選項[B]“接種所用的原理”，這是第2自然段的話題。選項[D]“一個受到攻擊的奇跡的治療方法”只涉及到比較后一個自然段。

　　37「答案」[A]

　　「解析」題干問：“天花疫苗這個舉例是說明什么情況？”此題可定位于第3自然段，且第3、4自然段的主題就是使用疫苗可能會帶來負面效果，因此選項[A]“使用疫苗可能會帶來負面結果”為正確選項。而選項[B]“疫苗的實際使用來控制傳染病”，選項[C]“疫苗在于消除某些疾病的有效性”和選項[D]“疫苗對付疾病所使用的方法”都不是這個舉證所談論的觀點。

　　38「答案」[B]

　　「解析」題干問：“這個短語‘ward it off naturally’比較可能的意思是……”。文中第2自然段講述了在接種疫苗后，身體自然可以跟這種疾病進行對抗。因此選項[B]“很輕松地與之對抗”為正確選項。而選項[A]“自然地將其排除”，選項[C]“很不情愿地去管理它”和選項[D]“恰當?shù)胤纸馑�”都不符合第二段所談論的一個原理。

　　39「答案」[B]

　　「解析」題干問：“根據(jù)這篇文章，下面哪項是對的？”其實縱觀全文，本文的中心講的是免疫系統(tǒng)可以得到特殊的訓練以應對疾病的較弱形式，因此選項[B]“免疫系統(tǒng)可以得到特殊的訓練以應對疾病的較弱形式”為正確選項。而選項[A]“挽救大多數(shù)的人必然造成少數(shù)人的死亡”，選項[C]“強制性的接種對于大眾的生存是不可或缺的”和選項[D]“接種的過程仍然是一個應該解決的神秘”都不能說明原文的含義。

　　40「答案」[D]

　　「解析」題干問：“作者寫作本文的目的是……”。作者在這篇文章的語氣是客觀的，因此選項[D]“為了解釋和告知信息”為正確選項。而選項[A]“評論和批判”，這是議論文，評論文的模式。選項[B]“論證和辯論”是議論文的模式。選項[C]“為了帶來興趣和娛樂”，但這篇文章是科普性的文章。

　　參考譯文

　　當傳染病襲擊民眾時，科學家們就立即著手確認病源并想法征服疾病。通常，我們是可以取得勝利的，因為醫(yī)學可以隔離寄生蟲、病原菌或者造成疾病的細胞，并發(fā)現(xiàn)有效的消滅或抑制疾病的方法。在非常嚴重的情況下，比方說一個地區(qū)或國家的全體民眾都可能處境極其危險，就有必要通過接種疫苗來保護全部人口，確保疾病不會蔓延。

　　接種疫苗是讓人體對病毒或疾病產(chǎn)生免疫力。萬一碰上病毒或疾病，人體可以自然戰(zhàn)勝它。將弱小或死亡的菌株在監(jiān)控環(huán)境下注入病人體內(nèi)，這樣他體內(nèi)的免疫系統(tǒng)就可以培養(yǎng)出應對來犯之敵的能力。關于如何抵抗疾病的信息被傳遞到免疫系統(tǒng)的各個部位，這個過程由基因信息在細胞間傳遞而自然實現(xiàn)�？梢钥隙ǎ�萬一該病人以后碰上這類病毒，他的身體已全副武裝并且訓練有素，足以對付這一現(xiàn)實問題，因為已有經(jīng)驗了。

　　但是整個過程還有隱患。有時，即使疫苗中含有的病菌是弱化了的菌種，人體也接受不了，導致免疫系統(tǒng)失效，以致病人死亡。天花疫苗的情況就是這樣。天花傳染病一度席卷全美土著居民并造成大量移民死亡，該疫苗試圖消滅這種傳染病。一萬個接種天花疫苗的人中約有一個因接種而感染天花死亡。也就是說，如果全體美國人都要接種天花疫苗的話，就有3000人將死亡。

　　值得慶幸的是，在20世紀70年代初，天花病毒就已被消滅，也結束了對全美嬰兒的強制接種。不過，該病若卷土重來，就還要實行強制接種，這必將造成由接種而帶來更多的意外死亡。本是一件好事的接種工作背后隱藏著不少謾罵和非議。

　　Part B

　　本部分內(nèi)容請參見Part B（二）答案解析及參考譯文

　　Part C

　　篇章導讀

　　本文的中心內(nèi)容為如何改進公眾對科學研究的認識。文章首先提出了雖然不同領域間的相互受益在科學界被廣為認同，但公眾卻不清楚這一事實，之后闡述了改進公眾對科學認識的時機已經(jīng)成熟并講述了如何提高公眾對科學研究的認識，比較后作者以農(nóng)業(yè)為例，說明了其它學科領域的研究對生物醫(yī)學進步所起的作用。

　　思路解析

　　46.本句的句子主干結構為“……the scientific community could build a more effective case for public support of all science……”，其中“Because……is strong”為because引導的原因狀語從句，“by articulating……”為方式狀語，在該方式狀語中how引導“articulate”的賓語從句。

　　47.本句的句子主干結構為“……we can work to enhance public appreciation of scientific research……”，其中“by showing……”為方式狀語，在該方式狀語中how引導“show”的賓語從句。

　　48.本句為簡單句。句子的主干結構為“……it may appear to have made few significant contributions to biomedical advances……”，在該句中“related to human nutrition”為形容詞短語作后置定語，修飾前面的“those.”

　　49.本句的主句為“it was……that”的強調(diào)句型，其中“at the turn of the century”為時間狀語，該時間狀語包含一個when引導的非限制性定語從句，修飾前面的“the turn of the century”，該定語從句為連詞and連接的并列結構。

　　50.本句為主從復合句。句子的主干結構為“……it is the latest discoveries……that reveal its true importance to biomedicine”，該主句為“it was……that”的強調(diào)句型，“that have been made in agricultural research”為that引導的限制性定語從句，修飾前面的“discoveries.”

　　參考譯文

　　“所有的研究都帶來生物醫(yī)學的進步”這一古訓同樣適用于科學界。不同領域間的相互受益在科學界被廣為認同，但公眾或公共政策制定者未必清楚這一事實。（46）因為公眾對資助生物醫(yī)學研究的支持很大，科學界需要通過宣傳其他學科的研究如何有利于生物醫(yī)學的發(fā)展，才可能很有效地向公眾證明其支持所有學科的理由。

　　改進公眾對科學認識的時機已經(jīng)成熟。一項比較近的全國科學基金會調(diào)查顯示，美國人仍繼續(xù)支持科研開支。此外，民意投票也表明科學家和科學界領導人享有極高的公眾威望。（47）我們不應該由于公眾對科學缺乏理解而傷感。我們能夠向公眾展示各個研究領域的密切關系和對生物醫(yī)學進步的作用，從而努力提高公眾對科學研究的認識。決定性的任務是要用簡單易懂的表達向公眾傳達，所有科學領域的研究都會帶來個別和整體的利益。

　　以農(nóng)業(yè)研究為例。（48）表面上看，除了與人類營養(yǎng)直接相關的方面以外，農(nóng)業(yè)研究對生物醫(yī)學的發(fā)展幾乎沒有做出什么顯著的貢獻。然而這種觀點不正確。在營養(yǎng)學方面，維生素的發(fā)現(xiàn)就極好地證明了農(nóng)業(yè)和生物醫(yī)學研究的互相聯(lián)系。（49）本世紀初，維生素的概念還未出現(xiàn)，營養(yǎng)學還未作為一門科學存在的時候，恰好是在農(nóng)業(yè)化學部門中第一次真正地證實了維生素。單谷種植實驗證實了維生素A和B的存在，某些礦物（鐵和銅）的重要作用也在稍后被證實，而這些發(fā)現(xiàn)奠定了現(xiàn)代人類營養(yǎng)研究的基礎。

　　（50）但是，盡管有這樣的直接聯(lián)系，正是在農(nóng)業(yè)研究中已取得的比較新發(fā)現(xiàn)才揭示了該研究對于生物醫(yī)學的重要性。救命的抗生素如鏈霉索是在土壤微生物中發(fā)現(xiàn)的。比較初的胚胎移植是在奶牛上完成的，而相關的研究加深了對人類生殖的理解。

　　SectionⅢWriting

　　參考范文

　　Part A

　　51.

　　Dear Sir，

　　I write this letter to inquire about the post your company advertised in the newspaper yesterday. I intend to apply for the job vacancy of the manager‘s secretary. I’m very interested in the job.

　　I think I have the needed qualifications for the position in your business. I‘m good at short hand， and my spoken English is much fluent. And above all， I have enough experience for the job because I once worked as a secretary in another foreign�瞣wned enterprise. I strongly believe I’m extremely well qualified for the job.

　　I‘ve learned your company enjoys good reputation and shows great promise worldwide. I wish to get an interview opportunity. I’m expecting an early reply from your company.

　　Sincerely，

　　Tom

　　Part B

　　52.

　　This cartoon presents in front of us a sharp contrast between two types of neighbors. The two pet neighbors greet each other politely and amiably while the two lonely human neighbors seem to ignore each other. When we take a walk in any of the cities in the modern society， we can often observe such a sad scene in which social interactions have been grievously diminishing.

　　There are more and more urban residents who love raising pets. Pet-keeping is becoming increasingly pervasive because a pet may be a companion for old people， a friend for young couples， and a playing toy for children. Believe it or not， pets are such an inseparable part in their daily life that they often devote lots of energy， time and money to taking care of the needs of their loved animals. Small wonder， such devotion to pet-raising points to a truth of great importance today—loneliness in a busy world.

　　Since most people have to live on an on-the-move lifestyle， they are probably denied opportunities to share their feelings with their friends and relatives. Whereas pets will be good listeners. Where there are so many dishonesties going around， they must stay with a dog， which is likely to be faithful to them. It seems that an individual is being ridiculous if he starts conversations with his neighbors， so he often has no alternative but to enjoy the company of pets. That‘s why the scene depicted in the cartoon is not uncommon in our daily life.

　　Our life would be， of course， enjoyable if we have pets. But we would enjoy much more meaningful life if the two human neighbors started a talk to each other in a friendly way， just like the two dogs.

　　范文譯文

　　這幅漫畫向我們展示了兩類鄰居之間的鮮明對比。做鄰居的兩只寵物友好而親切地彼此問候而做鄰居的兩個孤單的人卻互相視而不見。在現(xiàn)代社會里，這樣的情景在我們漫步時隨處可見。

　　如今越來越多的人喜歡飼養(yǎng)寵物。由于寵物能夠成為老人的伙伴，年輕夫婦的朋友以及小孩的玩具，飼養(yǎng)寵物也越來越屢見不鮮。盡管難以置信，寵物已經(jīng)成為人們?nèi)粘Ｉ�活中必不可少的部分。人們常常傾心傾力的為心愛的寵物費盡精力、時間和金錢，為它們所需的一切著想。這些并不足為奇，但這樣的投入也正反映了當今社會的一個重要事實——在這匆匆世界里的無盡孤獨。

　　由于我們在生活中“來去匆匆”，可能沒有機會與親友進行情感交流，可寵物卻是忠實的傾聽者。由于生活中到處是爾虞我詐，我們只能夠與身邊比較忠實的小狗相依為伴。與鄰居攀談會顯得荒誕不經(jīng)，那么我們只能與寵物在一起。難怪我們在日常生活中常常會遇到漫畫中所勾畫的情景。

　　我們的生活因有了寵物自然有了很多歡樂。然而假如那兩個鄰居能夠像兩只小狗一樣開始友好地交談，我們的生活還會有更多的歡樂。

　　舉一反三

　　本文的標題提示為“鄰居”。圖中的兩對鄰居雖然都可以稱為“鄰居”，但是彼此的親密程度卻截然地相反。誠然，在現(xiàn)代社會中，尤其在城市生活中，飼養(yǎng)寵物的現(xiàn)象值得我們注意。不少人投入了大量的精力去照顧其心愛的動物。圖畫的作者并不是要我們?nèi)ザ床鞂櫸锏亩嗌�，而是要表達更加深層的內(nèi)涵，即由于生活方式的改變，人們之間親近的情感變得疏遠，繼而移情于動物身上。

　　本文第一自然段簡要描述了畫面的內(nèi)容，點出了整篇文章的關鍵詞概念。第二自然段的分析緊扣畫面內(nèi)容，列舉了種種社會人喜歡寵物的現(xiàn)象，第三自然段闡述了生活方式變化，而“狗”際關系替代了人際關系。比較后一個自然段自然地給出了整篇文章的結論。

　　整篇文章主要采用的是分析性的闡述思維方法，先表明了作者的觀點，之后進行具體的論證。圍繞著“鄰居”、“狗”、“寵物”、“生活方式”、“人際關系”、“現(xiàn)代社會”、“情感”等關鍵詞概念展開。

　　就類似話題，如“現(xiàn)代生活方式變遷”、“人際關系”、“人際溝通”等話題等可以模仿本文的思路寫作。此外，就本篇命題作文也可以其他的角度入手，如“社會的誠信”等。而且可以使用對比的思維模式來安排文章的結構，即把“人”鄰居與“狗”鄰居進行對比。

　　Part B （二）答案解析及參考譯文

　　Sample One

　　思路解析

　　41「答案」[F]

　　「解析」空格前面的句子說“From these sources it became apparent that the character of myths varied widely，not only by geographical region but also by historical period.”，空格后面的句子說“He argued that the relatively simple Greek myth of Persephone reflects the economics of a basic agricultural community，whereas the more involved and complex myths found later in Homer are the product of a more developed society.”，由此可知：所填的句子應該是在講神話的特點，并且會提到某位學者。選項F中說“German scholar Karl Offried Muller followed this line of inquiry in his Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology，1825.”，這與前后句子的意思連貫，所以應該選F.雖然選項[A]、[C]、[D]中也都提到了學者，但是，其意思與前后句子不連貫，所以不能選用。

　　42「答案」[A]

　　「解析」空格前面的句子說“These languages，scholars concluded，belonged to an Indo-European language family……”，空格后面的句子說“For example，an expression like‘maiden dawn’for‘sunrise’resulted first in personification of the dawn，and then in myths about her.”，由此可知：所填的句子應該會提到“Indo.European language”。并且會說明人們的誤解。選項[A]中說“German-born British scholar Max Muller concluded that the Rig-Veda of ancient India—the oldest preserved body of literature written in an Indo�睧uropean language…… Muller attributed all later myths to misunderstandings that arose from the picturesque terms in which early peoples described natural phenomena.”，這與前后句子的意思連貫。并且也提到了“Indo-European language”，所以應該選[A].

　　43「答案」[D]

　　「解析」空格后面的句子說“Similarly，British anthropologist Sir James George Frazer proposed a three�瞫tage evolutionary scheme in The Golden Bough.”，由此可知：所填的句子應該是在講學者們的研究方法。選項[D]中說“This approach can be seen in the work of British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor.…Tylor organized the religious and philosophical development of humanity into separate and distinct evolutionary stages.”，這與后面句子的意思連貫，所以應該選[D].

　　44「答案」[B]

　　「解析」空格后面的句子說“This approach reached its most extreme form in the so�瞔alled functionalism of British anthropologist A.R.Radcliffe.Brown，who held that every myth implies a ritual，and every ritual implies a myth.”，由此可知：前面的句子應該會介紹某種理論，并且會提到“myth”和“ritual”。選項[B]中說“The myth and ritual theory，as this approach came to be called，was developed most fully by British scholar Jan E1len Harrison.……”，這與后面句子的意思連貫，所以應該選[B].選項[D]雖然也提到了某種方式，但是與后面句子的意思不連貫，所以不能選用。

　　45「答案」[C]

　　「解析」空格前面的句子說“In the 20th century，investigators began to pay closer attention to the content of the narratives themselves.”。由此可知：所填的句子應該是講現(xiàn)代的研究。只有選項[C]中表達的“Austrian psycho-analyst Sigmund Freud held that myths—like dreams—condense the material of experience and represent it in symbols.”是現(xiàn)代的研究，所以應該選[C].

　　參考譯文

　　由于可以從其他文化中獲得越來越多的素材，所以歐洲的學者開始承認神話學傳統(tǒng)具有更大的綜合性。古代印度和伊朗的經(jīng)文提供的證據(jù)尤其有價值，比如《薄伽梵歌》經(jīng)文以及《亞吠陀》經(jīng)文。根據(jù)這些資料，我們可以很清楚地了解到：神話人物差別很大，不只是由于地理位置所導致的，而且還是由于歷史時期所導致的。（41）德國學者卡爾·奧特弗雷德·穆勒在其1825年出版的《科學神話緒論》一書中遵循了這種研究理論。他認為，希臘有關珀爾塞福涅的相對簡單的神話反映了初級農(nóng)業(yè)社會人們的憂慮，但是后來在荷馬史詩中發(fā)現(xiàn)的更復雜神話反映的是更發(fā)達社會的問題。

　　學者們也試圖以某種方式把全世界各種各樣的神話聯(lián)系起來。從18世紀晚期到19世紀早期，為了解釋歐洲和近東各種各樣語言之間的驚人相似性，對語言的比較性研究導致假設母語的復興。學者們得出這樣的結論：這些語言屬于一種印歐語系。研究神話的專家也探究一種原始神話，這種神話可能隱藏于所有歐洲神話之中。（42）德國裔英國學者馬克斯·穆勒得出結論：古代印度的《梨俱吠陀》文集反映的是一種比較原始的印歐神話——《梨俱吠陀》文集是現(xiàn)存的用印歐語記載的量古老作品。穆勒把后來的所有神話歸結為人們的誤解，這些誤解源于早期人們用來描述自然現(xiàn)象的生動語言。比如，用“少女的黎明”來表示“日出”比較初使得黎明人格化，后來演變成有關少女的神話。

　　19世紀末期，英國的博物學家查爾斯·達爾文提出的進化理論對神話的研究產(chǎn)生了重要影響。學者們研究神話的歷史，就像他們?yōu)榱搜芯窟b遠的古代遺跡而研究化石表露的地質(zhì)構造一樣。（43）在英國的人類學家愛德華·伯納德·泰勒的作品中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這種方式。在《原始文明》一書（1871年出版）中，泰勒把人類的宗教和哲學發(fā)展系統(tǒng)地分成單獨并且不同的進化階段。同樣，英國的人類學家詹姆士·喬治·弗雷澤爾在《珍貴的樹枝》一書中提出了一個“三階段進化示意圖”。根據(jù)弗雷澤爾的示意圖，起初，人們把自然現(xiàn)象歸結為反復無常的超自然力量（魔法），后來，把它們解釋為上帝的意愿（宗教），比較后，把它們歸類為理性的研究（科學）。

　　英國學者威廉？羅伯遜·史密斯的研究報告——登載于1889年的《有關閃族人的宗教的演講》一文中——也對弗雷澤爾產(chǎn)生了影響。通過史密斯的作品，弗雷澤爾開始認為，許多神話源于古代農(nóng)業(yè)社會人們的宗教儀式習慣，對這些人來說，植物的年輪意義非凡。（44）英國學者簡·艾倫·哈里森把“神話和宗教儀式理論”發(fā)展得比較完美，正如這種方式后來被命名的。應用從法國社會學家埃米爾·德克海姆的作品中獲得的見解，哈里森認為，所有神話都源于一個社會的共同宗教儀式。這種方式在英國人類學家A·R·拉德克利夫·布朗所謂的實用主義中達到了極點，拉德克利夫·布朗認為，每一種神話都預示著一種宗教儀式，而每一種宗教儀式也暗示著一種神話。

　　18世紀和19世紀有關神話的大多數(shù)分析表現(xiàn)出一種把神話歸納成要點的趨勢——無論是自然、歷史事件還是宗教儀式的季節(jié)性循環(huán)。一旦敘述中的奇特要素被刪除，那么這種要點就可能得到保留。在20世紀，研究人員開始更密切地關注敘述本身。（45）奧地利心理分析家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德認為，神話濃縮了經(jīng)驗素材，然后用符號把它表現(xiàn)出來，就像夢一樣。

　　Sample Two

　　正確排序

　　41.[B]　 42.[E]　 43.[D]　 44.[C] 　45.[A]

　　篇章導讀

　　本文是一篇“對比與比較”型文章。作者在第1自然段提出了宇宙中外層空間探索生命體的話題。在第2、3、4自然段分析了哲學、生物學對此話題的觀點。在第5、6自然段對比性的提出了與上文相反的觀點。比較后自然地給出了比較后一段的結論。

　　思路解析

　　41「答案」[B]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少從以下三個角度考慮。其一，本語段的話題為“哲學對于其他生命狀態(tài)的探索”。其二，本語段的第1個句子中的“we are not alone”緊密地承接了第1自然段的內(nèi)容。其三，本段與上一個段落構成了總分關系，即“改變觀點”和“世界觀”。

　　42「答案」[E]

　　「解析」其一，本語段的話題為“生物學對于其他生命狀態(tài)的闡釋”。其二，本語段的第1個句子中的“biologists”和“molecules”承接了上一段比較后一句的內(nèi)容，即“chemical steps”。其三，本段與上一個段落構成了對比與比較關系，即“哲學與生物學對于外層生命狀態(tài)的觀點”。

　　43「答案」[D]

　　「解析」其一，本語段的話題為“進化”。其二，本語段的第1個句子承接了上一個段落的內(nèi)容。其三，本段與上一個段落構成了“比較”關系，段首的“similar reasoning”為邏輯連接表達。

　　44「答案」[C]

　　「解析」其一，本語段的話題為“生物學上對進化的相反觀點”。其二，本語段開頭部分的“view”和“self-organization”承接了上一段的內(nèi)容。其三，本段與上一個段落構成了對比關系，段首的“however”為邏輯連接表達。

　　45「答案」[A]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少從以下三個角度考慮。其一，本語段的話題為“問題的爭議”。其二，本語段的第1個句子承接了上一個自然段比較后一句的內(nèi)容，“issues （爭議）”與“rival paradigms（爭議）”構成了銜接性的照應。其三，本段與上文構成了總結關系，而且從比較后一個段落來看，也能構成上下文的一致和連貫。

　　參考譯文

　　[G]一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)地球之外有生命，不僅會改變科學，也會改變我們的宗教，我們的信仰體系，以及我們整體的世界觀。因為，尋找地球以外的生命，從某個角度來看，其實是人類對自我的尋找——我們是什么？在無垠的宇宙中，我們扮演什么角色？

　　41.[B]與大眾觀點相反，人類對“我們在宇宙中可能不是孤獨的”這方面的揣測，其實和哲學本身一樣古老。這一方面的推理，有幾個基本步驟，建立在古希臘哲學家德謨克利特的原子論上。第一：自然律是有普遍性的。第二：地球本身沒有什么特別、專寵之處。第三：有可能發(fā)生的事，大自然就傾向于讓它發(fā)生。哲學歸哲學，物理方面的細節(jié)還需要填補。天文學家愈來愈趨向于這個假設：宇宙間適合生物生存的行星可能有很多。雖然如此，學者仍然不了解造成生命起源的化學變化步驟。

　　42.[E]從前的生物學家認為生命是非常態(tài)的——分子排列是從億兆分之一機率中產(chǎn)生的意外排比結果。因此，同樣的意外在宇宙別處重復發(fā)生的可能性趨近于零。這個觀點來自于熱力學第二定律。這條定律預測宇宙正走向死亡——緩慢地，不可避免地崩解到完全的混亂。生命現(xiàn)象違反這個趨向，只因為這純屬統(tǒng)計上的偶然現(xiàn)象。

　　43.[D]同樣的推理也適用于進化論。按照正統(tǒng)的說法，達爾文式的物競天擇是完全盲目的。人類觀感上認為從微生物演變到人類的過程是“進步”，這只是我們的優(yōu)越感作祟。進化的路線只不過是在無數(shù)的可能方向中隨機進行。果真如此，就沒有所謂的方向，沒有所謂內(nèi)在的前進力量。尤其是，沒有推動意識與智慧前進的動力。假如地球被一顆小行星擊中，所有的高等生物都被摧毀了。那么，下一輪的演化，幾乎可以肯定不會產(chǎn)生有智慧的生物，更不會有類似人類這種生物的誕生。

　　44.[C]可是，也有人持相反的看法，而且聲勢越來越強，直接挑戰(zhàn)到正統(tǒng)生物學。這種看法就是：經(jīng)由自我組織的過程，可以自動產(chǎn)生出復雜的結構。如果物質(zhì)與能量有內(nèi)在的傾向，能自我擴張，導向復雜的結構，那么生命的形成以及隨后而來的智能的演化，可能性就大幅升高了�！白晕医M織”論是否適用于生物學引起激烈的辯論�？墒俏覀兛梢钥闯鰜�，盡管整個宇宙可能走向死亡，但在自然的本質(zhì)中還是可能有進步的趨向。這兩種互相沖突的理論模式，孰是孰非？在地球以外如果也存在其它生命，尤其是有智慧的生命，就是比較關鍵的證據(jù)。

　　45.[A]這些問題也和傳統(tǒng)的宗教教條直接沖突。許多人仍然堅持相信生命的起源必須經(jīng)由獨特的神意行使�？墒�，萬一地球上的生命不是獨一無二的，那么“神跡創(chuàng)造生命”之說就站不住腳了。如果在火星上發(fā)現(xiàn)生命，哪怕是一只不起眼的細菌，只要能證明它是獨立于地球生命之外而產(chǎn)生的，就能大力支持自然起源說。

　　[F]從歷史上來看，任何有關地球以外生命的討論，都被羅馬天主教視為異端邪說。哲學家布魯諾在1600年被綁在木樁上燒死，原因之一就是他猜想可能有其他有生命的世界存在。凡是一神論的宗教，都很強調(diào)要相信人類與神的特殊關系。如果一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)有外星生物存在，尤其是這些生物在智慧與精神方面比人類更先進，這種一廂情愿的看法，就會不攻而破。

　　Sample Three

　　篇章導讀

　　本文談論的中心是緩解壓力的方法。使用的主要思維方式是“一般——特殊型”。從各個側面談論了如何有效地緩解壓力。注意在做此類題型時，一般不要從專有名詞的照應角度去看。從這種角度去看往往會落入命題干擾的“陷阱”。語義的一致性是比較基本的原則。

　　思路解析

　　41「答案」[C]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少從以下三個角度考慮。其一，從本語段話題概念來看，選項中的“carbohydrates（碳水化合物）”與原文中的“food”等構成了篇章的詞匯銜接關系。其二，從論點和論據(jù)的論證關系來看，本論據(jù)說明的就是食物對于緩解壓力的作用。其三，注意本段中上下義詞的關系分析。

　　42「答案」[B]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少從以下三個角度考慮。其一，從本語段話題概念來看，選項中的“aerobic exercise”與原文中的“run”等構成了篇章的詞匯銜接關系。其二，從論點和論據(jù)的論證關系來看，本論據(jù)說明的就是鍛煉對于緩解壓力的功能。其三，注意本語段“鍛煉”概念在原文的表達方式分析。

　　43「答案」[D]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少從以下三個角度考慮。其一，從本語段話題角度來看，歸納本選項中的內(nèi)容，不難看出寫作的主要目的是為了說明調(diào)整看待問題角度的好處。其二，注意作者在本語段的寫作中大量使用了疑問句，分析其在段落中的功能或作者表達的深層含義。其三，本語段與原文的已知部分共同作為論據(jù)支持了該段標題的論點。

　　44「答案」[F]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少從以下三個角度考慮。其一，從本語段話題概念來看，選項中的“l(fā)aughter”、“comedian”與原文中的“the light side”、“joke”等構成了篇章的詞匯銜接關系。其二，從論點和論據(jù)的論證關系來看，本論據(jù)闡明了輕松看待問題的效果。其三，注意分析本語段中“幽默”概念的相關表達。

　　45「答案」[E]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少從以下三個角度考慮。其一，從本語段話題角度來看，選項中的“some breathing space”與原文中的“a timeout”等構成了篇章的詞匯銜接關系。其二，從論點和論據(jù)的論證關系來看，本論據(jù)說明的就是留給自己休息時間對減輕壓力的重要性。其三，注意分析各個發(fā)展段落與全文第1、2自然段之間的內(nèi)在的、分析性的思維關系。

　　干擾分析

　　選項[A]分析。本選項的意義為：有20%的成年人發(fā)脾氣的頻率高得足以威脅他們的健康，威廉斯認為他便是這些人中的一個。但是每個人都可以試一下他應付引人發(fā)怒的刺激因素的方法——且不只局限在工作環(huán)境中。雖然就壓力和健康的話題來說，與原文有一定的相關性，但是本選項從功能來看不能為原文論點提供充分的論證。

　　參考譯文

　　冬日惡劣的天氣、白晝時間的縮短和家庭的需求等都可能加劇人的壓力感。據(jù)美國壓力學院院長保羅·羅施博士透露，美國中西部某頭痛診所曾報道，與一年中其它的六周時間段相比，在從感恩節(jié)到圣誕節(jié)這六周時間里，感到緊張和周期性偏頭痛的人增加了40%.

　　目前許多醫(yī)生在接受緩解緊張和壓力方面的技術培訓。但他們自己又使用哪些方法呢？在這里，一些優(yōu)秀的健康專家與我們分享他們比較喜歡用的緩解壓力的方法。方法共有六種，它們是：

　�。�41）食物鎮(zhèn)靜法。當營養(yǎng)生化學家朱迪思·沃爾特曼受到壓力困擾時，她所做的和這個季節(jié)里其他人所做的沒什么兩樣：吃些東西。但她吃的是一兩塊有益于健康的米糕。[C]“我的研究結果表明，碳水化合物能提高大腦中調(diào)節(jié)情緒的化學血清素的水平，這對整個人體都起到鎮(zhèn)靜作用，”這位麻省理工學院的科學家說，“因此壓力的癥狀諸如憤怒、緊張、易怒、無法集中精力等便被緩解了。”

　�。�42）跑步避開你的問題�？夏崴肌�H·庫珀醫(yī)生用每天下班后跑步的方法應付自己所面臨的壓力。[B]這位專家認為：“增氧健身運動是驅(qū)除壓力和從工作過渡到家庭生活的比較佳方法�！钡�他提醒說，不要讓運動本身變成壓力。即使輕度的活動——譬如說每天散步半個小時——也有利于強健體魄，調(diào)節(jié)情緒�！斑@便是我告訴患者務必每天遛狗的原因，”他笑著說，“即使他們沒有狗。”

　�。�43）調(diào)整看問題的方法。梅奧診所應付壓力專家，心理學家約翰·泰勒駕車駛入醫(yī)院準備投入一天緊張的工作時，他看到他微型汽車的汽油更換指示燈啪地一聲打開了。他面對的是不間斷會見病人的日程表，下班后還要去接三歲的孩子�！拔腋械椒浅＞o張”，他回憶說，接著他試用他驅(qū)趕壓力的方法。他問自己，這是生死攸關的問題嗎？不是，油完全可以下個星期去換。[D]他告訴患者只做那些不做就會造成嚴重的事情。“你不洗那些衣服就會死去嗎？”他問。他特別提出，每天應留半小時做你喜歡做的事情，給自己重新充電。尤其是在假日里，放下一些日常的家務事，為與家人和朋友相處留些時間。

　�。�44）朝輕松的方面看。作家兼教育家喬爾·古德曼和幾位憂慮的病人親戚們一起乘坐一輛旅館免費接客車。司機開始給飽嘗壓力的乘客們講笑話�！昂鬄樗�變了幾個小戲法使我和母親笑了起來�！惫诺侣�說，“在乘車的五分鐘內(nèi)，他教會我們幽默可以緩解壓力”。[F]古德曼被自己這段經(jīng)歷所打動，對笑的力量進行了研究。他認為：“開心的笑可以放松肌肉、降低血壓、抑制與壓力有關的荷爾蒙的分泌并增強免疫系統(tǒng)�！痹谒�的研討會上，他讓客人們自問他們比較喜歡的喜劇演員會如何看待這個讓人感到壓力的處境。

　�。�45）給自己留出休息時間。超負荷的日程表是導致憂慮的主要原因。這種壓力的產(chǎn)生可以通過提前做準備加以阻止。[E]心臟病學專家雷·羅森曼在舊金山芒特·蔡恩醫(yī)院做內(nèi)科副主任時，他每天在日程表中留出半小時�！叭绻�有急論，我就把這段時間留給病人，”《甲種行為與你的心臟》的合著者羅森曼說，“不然我就用這半小時回電話或翻看信件。你雖然不可能控制所有的事情，但你可以控制你的日程表，給自己留出一點休息的時間�！�

　　做點禱告�？屏_拉多州博爾德市的心理學家和醫(yī)學科學家瓊·博里森科主張，因為大多數(shù)人花費太多時間為過去感到極度痛苦或為將來感到憂慮，所以減輕壓力的關鍵在于學會如何使現(xiàn)在的生活富有激情。

　　“要做到這一點，依靠某種儀式是有益處的，”博里森科說。她感到比較放松的時候是“我每天早晨所祈禱時”。禱告已顯示出可使新甲腎上腺素和腎上腺素這類造成壓力的荷爾蒙減少。

　　但要記住，博里森科說，醫(yī)生無法打開病人的“內(nèi)在愈合系統(tǒng)�！蹦欠N內(nèi)在的平靜只有通過你自己的努力才能達到。如果你飽受壓力之苦，就自己行動起來吧。

　　Sample Four

　　篇章導讀

　　本文為一篇“一般——特殊型”思維的文章。文章主要談論的是楓樹的傳說。篇章具體談論了傳說、加拿大人對楓樹的喜愛、楓樹的象征意義和楓樹一詞的詞源探索等方面。

　　思路解析

　　41「答案」[E]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少從以下三個角度考慮。其一，從本語段話題角度來看，選項中的“The popularity of the maple in a favorite myth.”與原文段落的“The maple looms large in Ojibwa folk tales”構成同義轉(zhuǎn)述的關系。其二，從分析性思維的角度來看，本段詳盡地談論了一個被受歡迎的傳說。其三，本語段承接了上文所引出的關于楓樹傳說的話題。

　　42「答案」[D]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少從以下三個角度考慮。其一，從本語段話題角度來看，選項中的內(nèi)容為原文主題句的同義表達。注意不能選擇錯誤的選項[F].其二，從分析性思維的角度來看，本段詳盡討論了Nokomis在楓樹的幫助下戰(zhàn)勝了wendigos惡魔的過程。其三，本語段與上一個段落共同闡述了傳說的故事內(nèi)容。

　　43「答案」[A]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少從以下三個角度考慮。其一，從本語段話題角度來看，選項的內(nèi)容為原文信息的推理和歸納，即楓樹對加拿大文化的影響。其二，從分析性思維的角度來看，本段作者著重談論了加拿大人對楓樹的喜愛。其三，本語段與上段比較后的句群有很好的一致性。

　　44「答案」[C]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少從以下三個角度考慮。其一，從本語段話題角度來看，選項中的“contemplation”概念為原文“suspect”、“speculate”等概念的歸納。其二，從分析的角度來看，本段作者著重談論了自己對于楓樹在世界范圍分布的看法和觀點。其三，本語段與上一個段落共同闡述了人們對楓樹看法。

　　45「答案」[B]

　　「解析」本題的選擇可以至少從以下三個角度考慮。其一，從本語段話題角度來看，選項中的“token”概念為原文“imagination”、“emblem”“poem”、“symbol”等等概念的歸納。其二，從分析性思維的角度來看，作者探索了楓樹成為加拿大象征的來源。其三，本語段內(nèi)使用的是總分邏輯。此外注意比較后兩個自然段之間話題的一致性和語義的連貫性。

　　參考譯文

　�。�1）對加拿大人來說，秋天篝火中燃燒的楓樹冒出的煙氣就是薰香。糖楓樹給人帶來撲鼻的香氣，耀眼的色彩和令人咂舌回味的甘甜，它促使我寫下這篇文章，告訴大家我比較喜愛的一個神話以及“maple”（楓樹）一詞的獨特詞源。

　�。�2）在奧吉布瓦族印第安人的民間傳說里，楓樹總會赫然顯現(xiàn)出來，占有重要的地位。每年熬制楓糖的時節(jié)就“在‘楓樹月’里”。在奧吉布瓦人的心目中，比較原始的女性形象是一個聰明的老奶奶，名叫諾柯米絲。有一個關于四季輪回的傳說講到，一群叫溫迪格的食人惡鬼在秋天的鄉(xiāng)野追趕諾柯米絲。溫迪格們是在滴水成冰的嚴寒里生長起來的。它們侵入人體時，人的心臟就凍成冰塊。在這個故事里，溫迪格們代表將要來臨的冬天。它們正在追逐可憐的諾柯米絲，要把她殺死吃掉，因為她像夏天一樣已經(jīng)衰老。

　�。�3）諾柯米絲知道，她若是被抓則必死無疑，于是她運用智謀蒙蔽那群冷酷的惡鬼。她躲進一片紅色、橙色、深黃色的楓樹林里。樹林長在一掛瀑布旁邊，瀑布的水霧使樹林的輪廓變得模糊。當那些口滴饞涎的溫迪格們透過水霧費力地窺探時，以為看見了一團熊熊的烈火，以為自己追逐的獵物正在烈火中燃燒。其實諾柯米絲老奶奶只不過是被她的楓樹朋友用紅得發(fā)亮的葉子掩蔽起來了。于是溫迪格們不追了，它們流著口水，喘著粗氣，口水頃刻結成了冰，呵氣頃刻凝成了霜；它們就這樣走了，去尋找更容易捕獲的獵物。那些楓樹由于救了大地母親諾柯米絲的命而得到了上天的特別恩賜：它們的生命液將永遠甘甜，加拿大人將汲取這汁液來獲取營養(yǎng)。

　�。�4）楓樹和楓糖漿甜蜜地進入了加拿大式幽默之中。魁北克省人以“sirop d‘erable”親切地稱呼楓糖漿，而對各種含有黏乎乎葡萄糖液的仿制楓糖漿，總要加上一個帶強烈貶意的詞，把這種含糖的“冒牌貨”叫作“sirop de Poteau”，意為“電線桿糖漿”或“死樹糖漿”。

　�。�5）有人說，楓糖漿只是北美洲才有，我認為這種說法不可信。中國有近百種楓樹，比世界上任何國家都多。加拿大只有十個原生的品種。誠然，北美洲有幸成為汁液比較甜、流量比較多的糖楓故鄉(xiāng)�？墒�，要是說在中國幾千年的歷史上，善于創(chuàng)新的中國人從來沒有采過楓樹的汁液，沒有嘗過它的味道，我們能相信嗎？我想他們是嘗過的。那些比較早跨過白令海峽“陸橋”來北美洲和南美洲繁衍生息的原始印第安人，有沒有可能帶來關于楓糖漿的知識呢？中文里有沒有表述楓糖漿的古老詞語呢？中國文學里有沒有提到楓糖漿呢？我這個不懂中文的人對這些問題有些望而怯步，但也不是找不到答案。

　�。�6）有一點是肯定的，楓樹總是牽動著我們民族的想象力。早在1700年，楓葉就被用作“新法蘭西”殖民地的徽記了。到了19世紀中期，楓葉已成為英屬加拿大省份的徽記了。1867年秋季，多倫多市一個名叫亞歷山大·繆爾的小學教師疲憊地走在市區(qū)的一條大街上，整個路面覆蓋著一層松軟的落葉，踩在腳下發(fā)出撲哧、撲哧的聲響。他走著走著，突然間一片楓葉落到他的外衣袖子上，粘住了。當天晚上，他在家寫下一首詩，并譜了曲，以慶祝加拿大自治領成立�？姞杽�(chuàng)作的這首名為《永遠的楓葉》的歌曲，受到公眾的熱烈歡迎，它還把楓葉這個象征物與加拿大緊密地聯(lián)系在一起。

　�。�7）“maple”（楓樹）來自古英語表述楓樹的詞，“mapeltreow”�！癿aple”的原始日爾曼語詞根是mapl-.這是一個復合詞根，我相信它的第一部分m-就是那幾乎遍及全世界的ma，即人類比較早發(fā)出的聲音之一，也就是嬰兒撅起嘴唇要吮吸母乳時發(fā)出的聲音。Ma這個詞根在世界上許多語言里都有，構成了幾千個詞，如“mama”（媽媽）、“mammary”（乳房的）、“maia”（母親[源于希臘神話]）、“Amazon”（亞馬遜族女武士）等。在這里，它可以使mapl-指“有營養(yǎng)的母親樹”，也就是說，一棵有著營養(yǎng)豐富的楓液的樹。這個復合詞根的第二部分apl-，是印歐語系的abel的變體，意為“任何樹產(chǎn)的水果”，它也是英語中另一個表示水果的詞“apple”（蘋果）的詞源。因此，這種原始的類比法就使楓葉的汁液與另一種有營養(yǎng)的汁液——母乳——相媲美了。